Contamination status, emission sources, and human health risk of brominated flame retardants in urban indoor dust from Hanoi, Vietnam: the replacement of legacy polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures by alternative formulations
Contamination status, emission sources, and human health risk of brominated flame retardants in urban indoor dust from Hanoi, Vietnam: the replacement of legacy polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures by alternative formulations
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DOI：
10.1007/s11356-021-13822-9
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发表时间：
2021-04-10
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Ha Thu Trinh
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Minh Tue Thi Hoang;Hoang Quoc Anh;Ha Thu Trinh
本研究调查了多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）等几种添加型溴化阻燃剂（BFRs）以及一些新型溴化阻燃剂（NBFRs）在从越南河内十个内城区收集的城市室内灰尘中的存在情况和分布，以评估污染状况、排放源以及通过室内灰尘摄入对人体造成的相关暴露和健康风险。室内灰尘样本中PBDEs和NBFRs的总浓度分别在43 - 480纳克/克（中位数为170纳克/克）和56 - 2200纳克/克（中位数为180纳克/克）之间。这些灰尘样本中含量最丰富的PBDE同系物是BDE - 209，其浓度在29 - 360纳克/克之间，占PBDE总含量的62.6% - 86.5%。在分析的NBFRs中，十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）是主要化合物，平均占NBFR总量的98.6%。由于DBDPE作为十溴联苯醚的替代品，在所有灰尘样本中都检测到了较高浓度的DBDPE（中位数为180纳克/克，范围在54 - 2200纳克/克）。其他NBFRs，如1,2 - 二（2,4,6 - 三溴苯氧基）乙烷（BTBPE）、五溴乙苯（PBEB）和2,2',4,4',5,5' - 六溴联苯（BB - 153）的含量极低。根据测得的BFR浓度，计算了成人和儿童在使用中位数和第95百分位数水平的暴露情景下通过灰尘摄入PBDEs和NBFRs的每日摄入量（IDs），以进行风险评估。结果表明，即使在高暴露情景下，所有化合物通过灰尘摄入的每日暴露剂量也低于其参考剂量（RfD）值。终身癌症风险（LTCR）远低于阈值水平（10⁻⁶），这表明河内城市居民因室内BFRs暴露而面临的健康风险是可接受的。
This study investigated the occurrence, distribution of several additive brominated flame retardants (BFRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and some novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) in urban indoor dust collected from ten inner districts of Hanoi, Vietnam to assess the contamination status, emission sources, as well as their associated human exposure through indoor dust ingestion and health risks. Total concentrations of PBDEs and NBFRs in indoor dust samples ranged from 43 to 480 ng g(-1) (median 170 ng g(-1)) and from 56 to 2200 ng g(-1) (median 180 ng g(-1)), respectively. The most abundant PBDE congener in these dust samples was BDE-209 with concentrations ranging from 29 to 360 ng g(-1), accounting for 62.6-86.5% of total PBDE levels. Among the NBFRs analyzed, decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant compound with a mean contribution of 98.6% total NBFR amounts. Significant concentrations of DBDPE were detected in all dust samples (median 180 ng g(-1), range 54-2200 ng g(-1)), due to DBDPE as a substitute for deca-BDE. Other NBFRs such as 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (BB-153) were found at very low levels. Based on the measured BFR concentrations, daily intake doses (IDs) of PBDEs and NBFRs via dust ingestion at exposure scenarios using the median and 95(th) percentile levels for both adults and children were calculated for risk assessment. The results showed that the daily exposure doses via dust ingestion of all compounds, even in the high-exposure scenarios were also lower than their reference dose (RfD) values. The lifetime cancer risks (LTCR) were much lower than the threshold level (10(-6)), which indicated the acceptable health risks resulting from indoor BFRs exposure for urban residents in Hanoi.