The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave influences on the polar mesosphere
The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave influences on the polar mesosphere
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研究重力波对极地中间层影响的 MaCWAVE 计划
DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Fricke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. A. Goldberg;D. Fritts;F. Schmidlin;B. Williams;C. Croskey;J. Mitchell;M. Friedrich;J. Russell;U. Blum;K. Fricke
抽象的。 MaCWAVE（山地波和对流波垂直上升）是一个高度协调的火箭、地面和卫星计划，旨在解决中层和低层热层 (MLT) 的重力波强迫问题。 MaCWAVE 计划于 2002 年 7 月在挪威安多亚火箭靶场（ARR，北纬 69.3°）进行，并于 2003 年 1 月在瑞典火箭靶场（Esrange，北纬 67.9°）继续进行。相关仪器包括 ALOMAR MF 和 MST 雷达以及 RMR 和 Na 激光雷达、Esrange MST 和流星雷达以及 RMR 激光雷达、无线电探空仪和 TIMED （热层、电离层、中间层能量学和动力学）热结构的卫星测量。这些数据已用于定义平均场和波场结构以及导致大规模流动的湍流生成。夏季，发射序列与 ARR 的地面测量相结合，解决了预期对流和切变产生的重力波对夏季中层顶环境的影响。这些运动是通过两个 12 小时的火箭序列进行测量的，每个序列都涉及一个 Terrier-Orion 有效载荷以及混合的 MET 火箭，所有这些都在挪威的 ARR 进行。 MET 火箭用于定义平流层和中间层的温度和风结构。 Terrier-Orions 的设计目的是测量中间层波浪破碎可能引起的小规模等离子体波动和湍流。在夏季系列中，三枚欧洲 MIDAS（中层大气动力学和结构）火箭也从 ARR 与 MaCWAVE 有效载荷配合发射。这些设计用于测量 MLT 内的等离子体和中性湍流。夏季计划显示出许多迹象表明平均风和温度结构与“正常”极地夏季条件存在显着差异，包括异常温暖的中层顶以及极地中层夏季回声（PMSE）和夜光云（NLC）形成的减慢。这被认为是由于南半球行星波活动增强以及半球间耦合程度惊人。冬季计划旨在研究山地波的向上传播和渗透由于预计主要响应将在挪威下游（东部），因此使用与夏季活动中使用的类似的火箭序列测量了这些运动，但这一次在埃斯兰奇，火箭发射窗口之前的一次主要极地平流层变暖引发了小型或反向平流层风，从而阻止了山波渗透到中层。例如，1 月 28 日和 29 日在中间层观测到了大振幅的半日潮汐，这似乎导致了较高海拔地区的显着不稳定和小规模结构，因此，我们的 MaCWAVE 测量作为一个整体首次描述了冬季 MLT 区域行星波活动和相关平流层变暖的影响。和夏天。
Abstract. MaCWAVE (Mountain and Convective Waves Ascending VErtically) was a highly coordinated rocket, ground-based, and satellite program designed to address gravity wave forcing of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The MaCWAVE program was conducted at the Norwegian Andoya Rocket Range (ARR, 69.3° N) in July 2002, and continued at the Swedish Rocket Range (Esrange, 67.9° N) during January 2003. Correlative instrumentation included the ALOMAR MF and MST radars and RMR and Na lidars, Esrange MST and meteor radars and RMR lidar, radiosondes, and TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite measurements of thermal structures. The data have been used to define both the mean fields and the wave field structures and turbulence generation leading to forcing of the large-scale flow. In summer, launch sequences coupled with ground-based measurements at ARR addressed the forcing of the summer mesopause environment by anticipated convective and shear generated gravity waves. These motions were measured with two 12-h rocket sequences, each involving one Terrier-Orion payload accompanied by a mix of MET rockets, all at ARR in Norway. The MET rockets were used to define the temperature and wind structure of the stratosphere and mesosphere. The Terrier-Orions were designed to measure small-scale plasma fluctuations and turbulence that might be induced by wave breaking in the mesosphere. For the summer series, three European MIDAS (Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Structure) rockets were also launched from ARR in coordination with the MaCWAVE payloads. These were designed to measure plasma and neutral turbulence within the MLT. The summer program exhibited a number of indications of significant departures of the mean wind and temperature structures from ``normal" polar summer conditions, including an unusually warm mesopause and a slowing of the formation of polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) and noctilucent clouds (NLC). This was suggested to be due to enhanced planetary wave activity in the Southern Hemisphere and a surprising degree of inter-hemispheric coupling. The winter program was designed to study the upward propagation and penetration of mountain waves from northern Scandinavia into the MLT at a site favored for such penetration. As the major response was expected to be downstream (east) of Norway, these motions were measured with similar rocket sequences to those used in the summer campaign, but this time at Esrange. However, a major polar stratospheric warming just prior to the rocket launch window induced small or reversed stratospheric zonal winds, which prevented mountain wave penetration into the mesosphere. Instead, mountain waves encountered critical levels at lower altitudes and the observed wave structure in the mesosphere originated from other sources. For example, a large-amplitude semidiurnal tide was observed in the mesosphere on 28 and 29 January, and appears to have contributed to significant instability and small-scale structures at higher altitudes. The resulting energy deposition was found to be competitive with summertime values. Hence, our MaCWAVE measurements as a whole are the first to characterize influences in the MLT region of planetary wave activity and related stratospheric warmings during both winter and summer.