Bridging Networks, Social Capital, and Racial Segregation in America
Bridging Networks, Social Capital, and Racial Segregation in America
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美国的桥梁网络、社会资本和种族隔离
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发表时间：
2002
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
X. Briggs
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作者：
X. Briggs
最近关于社会资本的工作强调了社会上不同的人之间的网络和其他联系（桥接联系）的重要性。储存在这种关系中的资源被认为在不同社会的社会、经济和政治生活中发挥着独特的重要作用，扩大了身份认同，打开了利益的孤立社区，遏制了种族和其他群体间的冲突，减少了群体间的地位不平等，例如，通过扩大对有价值的信息和社会认可的访问。在美国，种族间的联系尤其重要，值得加强，因为该国长期存在种族鸿沟，与快速移民相关的种族多样性增加，以及种族和社会经济分歧相互关联的趋势。然而，几乎没有最新的经验证据存在的一系列因素，形成种族间的桥梁，或相反，种族隔离，在美国人的个人网络或正式协会。本研究利用电话调查的29个社区人口普查数据相匹配，分析了个人，协会和空间因素的影响。指定路径模型。虽然较高的教育程度，非宗教组织的参与，并与同事的社交是强大的，并鼓励所有群体的种族间的桥梁预测，宗教参与的影响各不相同。值得注意的是，伟大的公民一代的老年美国人也是最种族隔离的白人。有一些证据表明，居住隔离施加直接或间接的抑制作用，桥接，至少通过选择居住选择的影响。最后，低收入、受教育程度较低的少数族裔，如果报告说至少有一个白色朋友，也更有可能有地位和影响力相对较高的朋友。
Recent work on social capital has underlined the importance of networks and other ties among socially dissimilar persons (bridging ties). The resources stored in such ties are thought to play a uniquely vital role in the social, economic, and political life of diverse societies, expanding identities, opening up insular communities of interest, containing ethnic and other inter-group conflicts, and reducing inter-group status inequalities, e.g., by widening access to valuable information and social endorsements. In the U.S, interracial ties are particularly significant and worth strengthening because of the country’s long-standing racial divide, the increased ethnic diversity associated with rapid immigration, and the tendency for racial and socio-economic divisions to correlate. Yet little up-to-date empirical evidence exists on the array of factors that shape interracial bridging—or, conversely, racial isolation—in Americans’ personal networks or formal associations. Using a phone survey of 29 communities matched with census data, this study analyzes effects of individual, associational, and spatial factors. A path model is specified. While higher educational attainment, non-religious organizational involvement, and socializing with co-workers are robust and encouraging predictors of interracial bridging for all groups, effects of religious involvement vary. Notably, the great civic generation of older Americans is also the most racially insular in the case of whites. There is some evidence that residential segregation exerts direct or indirect inhibiting effects on bridging, at a minimum through selection effects of residential choice. Finally, low-income, less educated minorities who report having at least one white friend are also much more likely to have friends with comparatively higher status and influence.