The Kindling Phenomenon
The Kindling Phenomenon
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-012088554-1/50030-x
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
McIntyre, Dan C.
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作者：
McIntyre, Dan C.
自从 Graham Goddard (1967) 首次发现，以及后来 Goddard 等人 (1969) 命名以来，点燃现象已被广泛用作颞叶癫痫 (TLE) 的慢性模型。 Kindling 最初表现为一种简单的现象，即局灶性癫痫发作（最常用的是局灶性脑电刺激）的激发会在日常重复中引起明显的渐进性反应变化。该进展从第一天开始，电极尖端出现短暂的低频电描记后放电 (AD)，这与很少的行为反应相关。然而，随着反应在数天内的演变，现象的复杂性开始显现，最终导致触发与强烈惊厥反应相关的长时间、高频 AD（Goddard 等，1969）。这种进展在所有边缘和大多数前脑刺激部位都很明显，但在颞叶结构中最为明显，例如杏仁核和邻近皮质，包括梨状皮质、鼻周皮质、岛状皮质和内嗅皮质（McIntyre 等，1999）。脑电图和行为反应严重程度的每日逐渐增加定义了点燃。从这个简短的描述中可以看出，点燃最初模拟了局灶性部分性癫痫发作。然而，随着每天的重复，以及从加速癫痫发作扩散的焦点中恢复，点燃可以模拟具有继发性泛化的复杂部分性癫痫发作，特别是在这些更复杂的事件中失去意识时（McIntyre，1970，1979）。最终，在实验者触发点燃癫痫发作许多天后，癫痫发作开始自发出现，即无需施加点燃刺激（例如，Pinel 等人，1975；
Since its initial discovery by Graham Goddard (1967), and its later naming by Goddard et al.(1969), the kindling phenomenon has been employed extensively as a chronic model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Kindling initially presents itself as a simple phenomenon, whereby provocation of focal seizures (most commonly using focal electrical brain stimulation) induces a clear progressive change in response over daily repetitions. The progression begins on the first day with a brief, low frequency electrographic afterdischarge (AD) at the electrode tip, which is associated with little behavioral response. However, the complexity of the phenomenon begins to appear as the response evolves over days, resulting eventually in the triggering of long, high frequency ADs associated with strong convulsive responses (Goddard et al., 1969). This progression is readily apparent from all limbic and most forebrain stimulation sites, but it is most dramatic from temporal lobe structures, such as the amygdala and adjacent cortices, including the piriform, perirhinal, insular, and entorhinal cortices (McIntyre et al., 1999). It is the daily progressive increase in response severity in both the EEG and behavior that defines kindling. From this brief description, it should be apparent that kindling initially models focal partial seizures. However, with daily repetitions, and the recruitment from the focus that precipitates the spread of seizures, kindling comes to model complex partial seizures with secondary generalization—particularly as consciousness is lost during these more complex events (McIntyre, 1970, 1979). Ultimately, after many days of triggering kindled seizures by the experimenter, seizures begin to appear spontaneously, ie, without application of the kindling stimulus (eg, Pinel et al., 1975;