THE MORACEAE-BASED DART POISONS OF SOUTH-AMERICA - CARDIAC-GLYCOSIDES OF MAQUIRA AND NAUCLEOPSIS SPECIES
THE MORACEAE-BASED DART POISONS OF SOUTH-AMERICA - CARDIAC-GLYCOSIDES OF MAQUIRA AND NAUCLEOPSIS SPECIES
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DOI：
10.1016/0378-8741(92)90071-x
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发表时间：
1992-09-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
BISSET, NG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
SHRESTHA, T;KOPP, B;BISSET, NG
本文综述了含强心苷的桑科植物在南美洲吹箭毒药中的应用。哥伦比亚西部的乔科印第安人所制备的毒药——称为尼亚拉（niaara）或基拉奇（kieratchi）——可能是由苦假桂木（Naucleopsis amara）和光叶假桂木（N. glabra）的乳汁制成的。在厄瓜多尔，科罗拉多印第安人使用奇吉拉假桂木（N. chiguila），而科艾克尔印第安人仍然从那加假桂木（N. naga）的乳汁中提取毒药，卡亚帕印第安人偶尔会使用一种吹箭毒药汉比（hambi），它可能也来自假桂木属的一个物种。巴西西北部的卡博里（里奥乌内伊乌西 - 马库）印第安人可能使用了革叶玉蕊（Maquira coriacea），但最近的一次采集表明梅洛 - 巴雷托假桂木（N. mello - barretoi）的乳汁是他们毒药的来源。巴西西部的蒂库纳印第安人在他们的一种毒药中加入了托叶假桂木（N. stipularis）的叶子和树皮。玉蕊属植物中存在的主要强心苷是以毒毛旋花子苷元为基础的，而假桂木属植物中主要的强心苷是以见血封喉苷元以及毒毛旋花子苷元为基础的。从吹箭毒药样本中分离出的两种新糖苷的结构已确定为毒毛旋花子苷元β - D - 葡糖甲苷 - D - 阿洛糖苷和β - D - 洋地黄毒苷 - D - 阿洛糖苷。前者是帕库林（pakurin）的主要成分，帕库林是1928年桑特松从一种乔科印第安人毒药中制备的结晶糖苷混合物。
The use of cardenolide-containing Moraceae in the dart poisons of South America is reviewed. Those prepared by the Choco Indians of western Colombia - called niaara or kieratchi - have probably been made from the latex of Naucleopsis amara and N. glabra. In Ecuador, the Colorado Indians used N. chiguila, while the Coaiquer Indians still derive a poison from the latex of N. naga and the Cayapa Indians occasionally make use of a blowgun poison, hambi, which probably also comes from a Naucleopsis species. The Kabori (Rio Uneiuxi Maku) Indians of north-western Brazil may have utilized Maquira coriacea, but a more recent collection documents N. mello-barretoi latex as a source of their poison. The Tikuna Indians of western Brazil included leaves and bark of N. stipularis in one of their poisons. The principal cardiac glycosides present in Maquira species are strophanthidin-based and the main ones occurring in Naucleopsis species are antiarigenin- as well as strophanthidin-based. The structures of two new glycosides, isolated from dart-poison samples, have been established as strophanthidin beta-D-glucomethylosido-D-alloside and beta-D-digitoxosido-D-alloside. The former is a major component of pakurin, the crystalline glycoside mixture prepared by Santesson in 1928 from a Choco Indian poison.