Alternaria mycotoxins: an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs
Alternaria mycotoxins: an overview of chemical characterization, producers, toxicity, analysis and occurrence in foodstuffs
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DOI：
10.3920/wmj2008.x013
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发表时间：
2008-05-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Ostry, V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ostry, V.
Alternaria属的微真菌是普遍存在的病原体和腐生植物。许多品种的赤霉属通常导致各种粮食作物在田间变质或收获后腐烂。由于它们即使在低温下也能生长，因此在冷藏运输和储存过程中，它们也会导致这些商品的变质。已知一些互花菌属是有毒次生代谢物-互花菌真菌毒素的生产者。赤霉产生许多真菌毒素，包括赤霉醇、赤霉醇单甲醚、烯丙烯、赤霉醇I、II、III、替那唑酸和其他毒性较小的代谢物。替那唑酸对几种动物有毒，例如老鼠、鸡、狗。交替胺醇、交替胺醇单甲醚、烯丙烯和交替胺毒素I没有非常剧烈的毒性。关于交替蒿油和交替蒿油单甲醚的致突变性和遗传毒性已有几篇报道。异丙醇已被鉴定为一种拓扑异构酶I和拓扑异构酶II毒素，可能导致人结肠癌细胞DNA完整性受损。测定交替孢毒素的分析方法主要基于程序，包括溶剂分配或固相萃取清理，然后是色谱分离技术，结合紫外线、荧光、电化学和质谱检测。据报道，在食品商品（如水果、蔬菜、谷物和油料植物）中自然存在大量互交菌代谢物。在苹果、苹果制品、柑桔、橄榄、辣椒、红椒、西红柿、番茄制品、油菜粕、葵花籽、高粱、小麦和食用油中，常检出交替胺醇、交替胺醇单甲醚和tenuazonic acid。在柑橘类水果、日本梨、西梅花蜜、覆盆子、红醋栗、胡萝卜、大麦和燕麦中检测到交替胺醇和交替胺醇单甲醚。在甜瓜中检测到交替胺醇、单甲基醚和替那唑酸。据报道，在苹果汁、蔓越莓汁、葡萄汁、西梅花蜜、覆盆子汁、红酒和扁豆中都有天然存在的替代醇。
Microfungi of the genus Alternaria are ubiquitous pathogens and saprophytes. Many species of the genus Alternaria commonly cause spoilage of various food crops in the field or post-harvest decay. Due to their growth even at low temperatures, they are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage. Several Alternaria species are known producers of toxic secondary metabolites - Alternaria mycotoxins. A. alternata produces a number of mycotoxins, including alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, altertoxins I, II, III, tenuazonic acid and other less toxic metabolites. Tenuazonic acid is toxic to several animal species, e.g. mice, chicken, dogs. Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene and altertoxin I are not very acutely toxic. There are several reports on the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether. Alternariol has been identified as a topoisomerase I and II poison which might contribute to the impairment of DNA integrity in human colon carcinoma cells. Analytical methods to determine Alternaria toxins are largely based on procedures, involving cleanup by solvent partitioning or solid phase extraction, followed by chromatographic separation techniques, in combination with ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical and mass spectroscopic detection. A large number of Alternaria metabolites has been reported to occur naturally in food commodities (e.g. fruit, vegetables, cereals and oil plants). Alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were frequently detected in apples, apple products, mandarins, olives, pepper, red pepper, tomatoes, tomato products, oilseed rape meal, sunflower seeds, sorghum, wheat and edible oils. Alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were detected in citrus fruit, Japanese pears, prune nectar, raspberries, red currant, carrots, barley and oats. Alternariol monomethyl ether and tenuazonic acid were detected in melon. Natural occurrence of alternariol has been reported in apple juice, cranberry juice, grape juice, prune nectar, raspberry juice, red wine and lentils.