Insect immunology and hematopoiesis.
Insect immunology and hematopoiesis.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.006
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发表时间：
2016-05
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Hillyer JF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hillyer JF
昆虫通过产生强大的免疫反应来对抗感染，这些免疫反应由血细胞、脂肪体、中肠、唾液腺和其他组织介导。当病原体相关的分子模式结合宿主衍生的模式识别受体时，进入昆虫体内的外来生物就会被免疫系统识别出来。这反过来又激活免疫信号通路，放大免疫反应，诱导产生具有抗菌活性的因子，并激活效应通路。免疫信号通路包括Toll、Imd、Jak/Stat、JNK和胰岛素通路。这些和其他途径的激活导致病原体通过吞噬、黑化、细胞包封、结瘤、裂解、rnai介导的病毒破坏、自噬和凋亡来杀死。这篇综述详细介绍了昆虫免疫的这些方面和其他方面，并讨论了免疫和循环系统如何共同适应对抗感染，血细胞复制和分化如何发生（造血），感染如何为昆虫的后续感染做准备（免疫启动），环境因素如温度和昆虫年龄如何影响免疫反应，以及社会免疫如何保护整个群体。最后，对昆虫免疫生物学研究的一些不足之处进行了综述。
Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.