Morphological assessment of apoptosis
Morphological assessment of apoptosis
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.ymeth.2007.11.006
复制
发表时间：
2008-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Cotter, Thomas G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Doonan, Francesca;Cotter, Thomas G.
细胞凋亡涉及从胚胎发生到衰老、从正常组织稳态到许多人类疾病的生物过程。凋亡细胞具有许多共同特征，例如细胞皱缩、膜起泡、染色质裂解、核浓缩和浓缩染色质固缩体的形成。在细胞凋亡的最后阶段，这些固缩或凋亡小体迅速被邻近细胞吞噬。另一方面，坏死细胞表现出膜完整性丧失、细胞和核肿胀以及相关的炎症反应。这些特征表明，细胞凋亡是一种有序的遗传程序，可以在不同的点进行操纵或控制，而坏死是缺乏这些控制点的细胞死亡形式。这些独特的形态学差异构成了一些最广泛使用的细胞凋亡鉴定和定量技术的基础，因此使用光学或电子显微镜进行形态学描述仍然是定义细胞凋亡并将其与坏死进行对比的最佳方法之一。然而，细胞凋亡或细胞死亡研究领域正在迅速发展，并且越来越明显的是，细胞凋亡和坏死代表细胞死亡的两个极端，并且现在存在许多变化。对于高剂量和低剂量的相同刺激，通常会出现连续的细胞凋亡和坏死，并且细胞凋亡和坏死的特征可能在同一细胞中共存。因此，很明显，在根据形态学为垂死细胞贴上“凋亡”标签时必须更加小心。 (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。
Apoptosis is implicated in biological processes ranging from embryogenesis to ageing, from normal tissue homoeostasis to many human diseases. Apoptotic cells share a number of common features such as cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin cleavage, nuclear condensation and formation of pyknotic bodies of condensed chromatin. In the final stages of apoptosis these pyknotic or apoptotic bodies are rapidly engulfed by neighbouring cells. Necrotic cells on the other hand exhibit loss of membrane integrity, cellular and nuclear swelling and an associated inflammatory response. Such characteristics demonstrate that apoptosis is an orderly genetic programme, which could potentially be manipulated or controlled at various points, while necrosis is a form of cell death that lacks these control points. These distinctive morphological differences form the basis of some of the most widely used techniques for the identification and quantification of apoptosis and thus morphologic description using light or electron microscopy remains one of the best ways to define apoptosis and contrast it with necrosis. However, the field of apoptosis or cell death research is advancing rapidly and it is becoming increasingly evident that apoptosis and necrosis represent two extremes of cell death and that many variations now exist. There is often a continuum of apoptosis and necrosis in response to high and low doses of the same stimulus and features of both apoptosis and necrosis may coexist in the same cell. Therefore, it is clear that an increasing amount of care must be taken when assigning the label 'apoptosis' to a dying cell on the basis of morphology. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.