Domestic and industrial water uses of the past 60 years as a mirror of socio-economic development: A global simulation study
Domestic and industrial water uses of the past 60 years as a mirror of socio-economic development: A global simulation study
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DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.10.018
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发表时间：
2013-02-01
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Alcamo, Joseph
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Floerke, Martina;Kynast, Ellen;Alcamo, Joseph
为了加强全球用水评估，改进了WaterGAP3模型，以反算177个国家1950年前的家庭、制造业和热电用水。在全国范围内进行了模型模拟，以估计取水量和用水量以及工业流程和电力生产所需的冷却水。此外，还对家庭和制造业产生的经处理和未经处理的废水量进行了建模。从数据可用性的角度来看，模型模拟以关键的社会经济驱动力和热电生产为基础。技术变化率是从统计记录中得出的，以便考虑到用水效率的发展情况，这对用水动态具有关键作用。模拟的生活和工业用水量从约。从1950年的300 km（3）到2010年的1345 km（3），其中12%被消耗，88%被排放回淡水水体。在过去十年中，家庭和制造业废水的数量大幅增加，但只有一半未经处理。未经处理的废水量缩小到河流流域的规模，这在东亚和东南亚、北方非洲以及东欧和南欧是一个令人关切的问题。为了实现千年发展目标，保障供水和减少未经处理的废水排放应是应采取的优先行动。人口增长和日益繁荣导致对水的需求不断增加。然而，社会和政治转型进程以及政策法规导致新的节水技术和改进，减缓甚至减少了全球家庭和工业用水，从而抵消了这一发展。(C)2012爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
To enhance global water use assessment, the WaterGAP3 model was improved for back-calculating domestic, manufacturing and thermoelectric water uses until 1950 for 177 countries. Model simulations were carried-out on a national scale to estimate water withdrawals and consumption as well as cooling water required for industrial processes and electricity production. Additionally, the amount of treated and untreated wastewater as generated by the domestic and manufacturing sectors was modeled. In the view of data availability, model simulations are based on key socio-economic driving forces and thermal electricity production. Technological change rates were derived from statistical records in order to consider developments in water use efficiency, which turned out to have a crucial role in water use dynamics. Simulated domestic and industrial water uses increased from ca. 300 km(3) in 1950 to 1345 km(3) in 2010, 12% of which were consumed and 88% of which were discharged back into freshwater bodies. The amount of domestic and manufacturing wastewater increased considerably over the last decade, but only half of it was untreated. The downscaling of the untreated wastewater volume to river basin scale indicates a matter of concern in East and Southeast Asia, Northern Africa, and Eastern and Southern Europe. In order to reach the Millennium Development Goals, securing water supply and the reduction of untreated wastewater discharges should be amongst the priority actions to be undertaken. Population growth and increased prosperity have led to increasing water demands. However, societal and political transformation processes as well as policy regulations resulting in new water-saving technologies and improvements counteract this development by slowing down and even reducing global domestic and industrial water uses. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.