Extreme and rapid bursts of functional adaptations shape bite force in amniotes.
Extreme and rapid bursts of functional adaptations shape bite force in amniotes.
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功能适应的极端和快速爆发塑造了羊膜动物的咬合力。
DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2018.1932
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Sakamoto M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sakamoto M
适应是功能和生物力学进化的根本驱动力。因此，生物力学特征的状态（绝对或相对特征值）长期以来一直被用作响应直接选择的适应的代表。然而，忽视进化历史，特别是祖先、时间的流逝和进化的速度，可能会产生误导。在这里，我们应用最近开发的系统发育统计方法，利用显着的速率变化来检测一大群陆地脊椎动物（羊膜动物）咬合力适应性变化的异常速率的实例。我们的研究结果表明，羊膜动物的咬合力是通过适应性变化的多次爆发而进化的，整个群体——包括达尔文雀、手盗龙（包括鸟类在内的非鸟类恐龙群体）、类人猿和古人类（化石和现代人类）——与背景速率相比，经历了显着的速率增加。然而，在羊膜动物生命树的大部分部分，我们没有发现异常的速率增加，这表明与体型的共同进化是观察到的咬合力模式的主要原因。我们的方法为未来功能形态学和生物力学研究提供了一个模板，其中适应性变化的异常速率可以被量化，并可能与支撑主要进化辐射的特定生态因素相关。
Adaptation is the fundamental driver of functional and biomechanical evolution. Accordingly, the states of biomechanical traits (absolute or relative trait values) have long been used as proxies for adaptations in response to direct selection. However, ignoring evolutionary history, in particular ancestry, passage of time and the rate of evolution, can be misleading. Here, we apply a recently developed phylogenetic statistical approach using significant rate shifts to detect instances of exceptional rates of adaptive changes in bite force in a large group of terrestrial vertebrates, the amniotes. Our results show that bite force in amniotes evolved through multiple bursts of exceptional rates of adaptive changes, whereby whole groups—including Darwin's finches, maniraptoran dinosaurs (group of non-avian dinosaurs including birds), anthropoids and hominins (fossil and modern humans)—experienced significant rate increases compared to the background rate. However, in most parts of the amniote tree of life, we find no exceptional rate increases, indicating that coevolution with body size was primarily responsible for the patterns observed in bite force. Our approach represents a template for future studies in functional morphology and biomechanics, where exceptional rates of adaptive changes can be quantified and potentially linked to specific ecological factors underpinning major evolutionary radiations.