Social Actions, Gestalt Coherence, and Designations of Disability: Lessons from and about Autism
Social Actions, Gestalt Coherence, and Designations of Disability: Lessons from and about Autism
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社会行为、格式塔连贯性和残疾认定：来自自闭症和关于自闭症的教训
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发表时间：
2005
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Maynard
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作者：
D. Maynard
本文主要有三点：（1）“完形对象”不只是知觉的嵌合体，而是日常谈话和社会行动的一个特征;（2）像自闭症这样的残疾可以根据它可能被粉饰为包括可分析的互动实践的智力来治疗;以及（3）越轨行为和社会问题的社会学可以受益于对日常谈话和社会互动的内在秩序的研究，无论是在常规的，还是普通的，和更专业的环境，如诊所。这些数据来自美国发育障碍测试和诊断中心的两个部分。每一部分都涉及一个被诊断患有自闭症的孩子，他们正在接受一项测试，提出一些问题，比如“你饿的时候会做什么？”这个测试提出的难题是解释标准（常识）和非标准（自闭症）回答的模式。在解释回答的模式时，我使用了普通的会话实例，如“当x发生时，你会怎么做？”以揭示测试中所需的逻辑，并描述常识和自闭症智能。在互动方面，自闭症的回答可能会扭转对完形或对话语的整体解释的结构偏好，而倾向于受刺激约束的局部理解。
This article has three main points: (1) “gestalt objects” are not just perceptual chimera, but are a feature of everyday talk and social action; (2) a disability such as autism can be treated in terms of the intelligence it may gloss as comprising analyzable practices-in-interaction; and (3) the sociology of deviance and social problems can benefit from studies of the intrinsic orderliness of everyday talk and social interaction in both regular, or ordinary, and more specialized settings such as clinics. The data are two segments from a testing and diagnostic center for developmental disabilities in the United States. Each segment involves a child who is diagnosed with autism and is being administered a test that poses questions such as, “What do you do when you're hungry?” The puzzle this test presents is to account for the patterns of both standard (commonsensical) and non-standard (autistic) answering. In accounting for patterns of answering, I use ordinary conversational instances of “what do you do when x happens?” to reveal the logic required in the test, and to describe both commonsense and autistic intelligence. Interactionally, autistic answering may reverse a structural preference for gestalt or global interpretation of utterances in favor of stimulus-bound, local understandings.