Hornworm counterattacks: defensive strikes and sound production in response to invertebrate attackers
Hornworm counterattacks: defensive strikes and sound production in response to invertebrate attackers
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角虫反击：防御性攻击和发出声音以应对无脊椎动物的攻击
DOI：
10.1093/biolinnean/blx156
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sugiura;S.;Takanashi;T.
毛虫（即鳞翅目幼虫）已经进化出多种防御捕食者，一些大型毛虫显示出攻击性防御（例如罢工和/或声音生产）。虽然这种行为可以惊吓或警告脊椎动物捕食者，但对无脊椎动物的防御仍然不清楚。研究了天蛾Langia zenzeroides（鳞翅目：天蛾科）对无脊椎动物攻击者Calosoma maximowiczi（鞘翅目：步甲科）的行为反应。5龄（末龄）的桑氏潜蝇表现出明显的反应，在该反应中，幼虫迅速地将头和胸向受大西莫维奇虫攻击刺激的身体部位弯曲。罢工也伴随着开放的下颌骨，其次是声音的生产或回流。在某些情况下，L. zenzeroides幼虫抓住C. maximowiczi的腿，并用它们的下颚将甲虫扔出去。这样的反击，完全是防御攻击者。Zenzeroides产生的声音（脉冲持续时间，82-314 ms;主频，5.0-8.7 kHz;声压级，44.0-56.9 dB SPL）是通过迫使空气通过第八对腹部气门产生的。我们的研究结果表明，金龟子幼虫能够阻止捕食性无脊椎动物使用多种防御。
Caterpillars (i.e. lepidopteran larvae) have evolved multiple defences against predators, with some large caterpillars showing aggressive defences (e.g. strikes and/or sound production). Although such behaviours can startle or warn vertebrate predators, defences against invertebrates remain unclear. We investigated the behavioural responses of the hornwormLangia zenzeroides(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) against the invertebrate attackerCalosoma maximowiczi(Coleoptera: Carabidae). Fifth (last) instars ofL.zenzeroidesexhibited a striking response, in which the larva rapidly bent its head and thorax towards the body part stimulated byC.maximowicziattacks. Strikes were also accompanied by opening of the mandibles, followed by sound production or regurgitation. In some cases,L.zenzeroideslarvae caught the legs ofC.maximowicziand threw the beetles using their mandibles. Such counterattacks completely defended against attackers. The sounds thatL.zenzeroidesgenerated (pulse durations, 82–314 ms; dominant frequencies, 5.0–8.7 kHz; sound pressure level, 44.0–56.9 dB SPL) were produced by forcing air through the eighth pair of abdominal spiracles. Our results indicate that hornworm larvae are able to deter predacious invertebrates using multiple defences.