REORIENTING ATTENTION ACROSS THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MERIDIANS - EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF A PREMOTOR THEORY OF ATTENTION
REORIENTING ATTENTION ACROSS THE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL MERIDIANS - EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF A PREMOTOR THEORY OF ATTENTION
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DOI：
10.1016/0028-3932(87)90041-8
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发表时间：
1987-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
UMILTA, C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
RIZZOLATTI, G;RIGGIO, L;UMILTA, C
在无人看管的地方呈现的刺激比有人看管的地方呈现的刺激反应慢得多。解释这一效应的假说涉及注意内隐运动、半场抑制、注意梯度等。这里报告的实验旨在区分这些假设。受试者被提示参加四个可能的刺激位置之一，这是安排在水平或垂直，上方，下方，右侧或左侧的固定点。指令是尽可能快地手动响应视觉刺激的发生，无论它是否发生在提示或非提示位置。在70%的线索试验中，刺激出现在线索位置，30%出现在非线索位置之一。此外，还有一些试验中，一个非方向性的线索指示受试者注意所有四个位置。结果表明：（a）正确的注意定向产生了小而显著的效益，（B）不正确的注意定向产生了大而显著的成本，（c）成本随着注意位置和实际刺激位置之间的距离而增加;及（d）当受刺激及受护理的位置位于垂直或水平子午线的相对侧时，会产生额外成本。我们的结论是，无论是假设半场抑制的假设，或假设注意运动与恒定的时间可以解释的数据。注意梯度假设和注意运动速度恒定假设在原则上是成立的，但它们没有考虑到跨越水平和垂直子午线的影响。提出一个假设，假定一个严格的联系之间的隐蔽定向的注意力和编程明确的眼球运动。当准备执行将眼睛移动到给定点的眼科程序时，注意力被定向到该点。注意力成本是擦除一个视觉程序并准备下一个所需的时间。
Stimuli presented in a non-attended location are responded to much slower than stimuli presented in an attended one. The hypotheses proposed to explain this effect make reference to covert movement of attention, hemifield inhibition, o rattentional gradients. The experiment reported here was aimed at discriminating among these hypotheses. Subjects were cued to attend to one of four possible stimulus locations, which were arranged either horizontally or vertically, above, below, to the right or left of a fixation point. The instructions were to respond manually as fast as possible to the occurrence of a visual stimulus, regardless of whether it occurred in a cued or in a non-cued location. In 70% of the cued trials the stimulus was presented in the cued location and in 30% in one of the non-cued locations. In addition there were trials in which a non-directional cue instructed the subject to pay attention to all four locations. The results showed that (a) the corect orienting of attention yielded a small but significant benefit; (b) the incorrect orienting of attention yielded a large and significant cost; (c) the cost tended to increase as a function of the distance between the attended location and the location that was actually stimulated; and (d) an additional cost was incurred when the stimulated and attended locations were on opposite sides of the vertical or horizontal meridian. We concluded that neither the hypothesis postulating hemifield inhibition nor that postulating movement of attention with a constant time can explain the data. The hypothesis of an attention gradient and that of attention movements with a constant speed are tenable in principle, but they fail to account for the effect of crossing the horizontal and vertical meridians. A hypothesis is proposed that postulates a strict link between covert orienting of attention and programming explicit ocular movements. Attention is oriented to a given point when the oculomotor programme for moving the eyes to this point is ready to be executed. Attentional cost is the time required to erase one ocular program and prepare the next one.