Immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and epigenetic toxicity of nanomaterials: New strategies for toxicity testing?
Immunotoxicity, genotoxicity and epigenetic toxicity of nanomaterials: New strategies for toxicity testing?
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DOI：
10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.030
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发表时间：
2017-11-01
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Smolkova, Bozena
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Dusinska, Maria;Tulinska, Jana;Smolkova, Bozena
纳米材料 (NM) 的独特特性有利于众多工业和医疗应用。然而，它们也可能引发意想不到的影响。因此，适当的毒性测试策略对于人类危害和风险评估至关重要。可以进行体内和体外毒性测试；为了符合 3R，应进一步为 NM 制定体外测试的替代策略。稳健、标准化的方法在纳米毒理学中非常重要，全面的材料表征和吸收是测试策略的一个组成部分。氧化应激已被证明是 NM 可能产生毒性的潜在机制，可引起免疫毒性和遗传毒性。为了在体外测试 NM，应在尽可能接近体内情况的条件下对人类来源的细胞（细胞系或原代细胞）进行一系列测试。新的毒性途径，特别是表观遗传修饰，应与传统的毒性测试方法一起进行评估。然而，为了启动 NM 暴露的表观遗传毒性筛查，需要更好地了解它们对表观基因组的不利影响，确定暴露、表观遗传变化和不良表型终点之间稳健且可重复的因果关系，并开发改进的检测方法来监测表观遗传毒性。 (C) 2017 年作者。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版
The unique properties of nanomaterials (NMs) are beneficial in numerous industrial and medical applications. However, they could also induce unintended effects. Thus, a proper strategy for toxicity testing is essential in human hazard and risk assessment. Toxicity can be tested in vivo and in vitro; in compliance with the 3Rs, alternative strategies for in vitro testing should be further developed for NMs. Robust, standardized methods are of great importance in nanotoxicology, with comprehensive material characterization and uptake as an integral part of the testing strategy. Oxidative stress has been shown to be an underlying mechanism of possible toxicity of NMs, causing both immunotoxicity and genotoxicity. For testing NMs in vitro, a battery of tests should be performed on cells of human origin, either cell lines or primary cells, in conditions as close as possible to an in vivo situation. Novel toxicity pathways, particularly epigenetic modification, should be assessed along with conventional toxicity testing methods. However, to initiate epigenetic toxicity screens for NM exposure, there is a need to better understand their adverse effects on the epigenome, to identify robust and reproducible causal links between exposure, epigenetic changes and adverse phenotypic endpoints, and to develop improved assays to monitor epigenetic toxicity. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.