Phenotypic Plasticity: Molecular Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance
Phenotypic Plasticity: Molecular Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance
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DOI：
10.1002/cphy.c110008
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发表时间：
2012-04-01
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Stoehr, Andrew M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kelly, Scott A.;Panhuis, Tami M.;Stoehr, Andrew M.
表型可塑性可以广义地定义为一种基因在不同环境中产生一种以上表型的能力，即环境对发育事件的改变，或个体有机体对环境条件变化的表型改变的能力。毫不奇怪，表型可塑性的研究天生就是跨学科的，涵盖了行为、发育、生态、进化、遗传学、基因组学以及生物组织不同水平上的多个生理系统的各个方面。从生态学和进化的角度来看，表型可塑性可能是一种强大的适应手段，表型可塑性的戏剧性例子包括捕食者回避、昆虫翅膀多态、两栖动物变态的时间、鱼类的渗透调节以及雄性脊椎动物的替代生殖策略。从人类健康的角度来看，记录在案的可塑性最常见的例子包括运动、训练和/或节食对人体形态和生理的影响。无论哪个学科，表型可塑性已经越来越成为大量研究的目标，所使用的方法学方法从分子到整个器官都有。在这篇文章中，我们简要回顾了表型可塑性的历史，考察了其潜在的适应性意义，强调了最近的分子方法，这些方法提供了对潜在机制的新见解，并突出了鱼类和昆虫的例子。最后，我们从人类健康的角度突出了表型可塑性的例子，并强调使用小鼠模型作为理解表型可塑性的遗传结构的强大工具。(C)2012年美国生理学会。Comr Physiol 2：1417-1439,2012。
Phenotypic plasticity can be broadly defined as the ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments, as the modification of developmental events by the environment, or as the ability of an individual organism to alter its phenotype in response to changes in environmental conditions. Not surprisingly, the study of phenotypic plasticity is innately interdisciplinary and encompasses aspects of behavior, development, ecology, evolution, genetics, genomics, and multiple physiological systems at various levels of biological organization. From an ecological and evolutionary perspective, phenotypic plasticity may be a powerful means of adaptation and dramatic examples of phenotypic plasticity include predator avoidance, insect wing polymorphisms, the timing of metamorphosis in amphibians, osmoregulation in fishes, and alternative reproductive tactics in male vertebrates. From a human health perspective, documented examples of plasticity most commonly include the results of exercise, training, and/or dieting on human morphology and physiology. Regardless of the discipline, phenotypic plasticity has increasingly become the target of a plethora of investigations with the methodological approaches utilized ranging from the molecular to whole organsimal. In this article, we provide a brief historical outlook on phenotypic plasticity; examine its potential adaptive significance; emphasize recent molecular approaches that provide novel insight into underlying mechanisms, and highlight examples in fishes and insects. Finally, we highlight examples of phenotypic plasticity from a human health perspective and underscore the use of mouse models as a powerful tool in understanding the genetic architecture of phenotypic plasticity. (C) 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:1417-1439, 2012.