Contrasting patterns of tolerance between chemical and biological insecticides in mosquitoes exposed to UV-A.
Contrasting patterns of tolerance between chemical and biological insecticides in mosquitoes exposed to UV-A.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.004
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发表时间：
2013-09
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
G. Tetreau;A. Chandor-Proust;Frédéric Faucon;Renaud Stalinski;Idir Akhouayri;S. Prud'homme;M. Raveton;S. Reynaud
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Tetreau;A. Chandor-Proust;Frédéric Faucon;Renaud Stalinski;Idir Akhouayri;S. Prud'homme;M. Raveton;S. Reynaud
蚊子是人类主要疾病的媒介，如疟疾、登革热或黄热病。由于这些疾病大多没有有效的治疗方法或疫苗，控制措施主要依靠使用杀虫剂减少蚊子数量。已知有许多生物和非生物因素影响蚊子控制中使用的杀虫剂的效果。蚊子的滋生地点从开放到植被高度覆盖的区域各不相同，导致大量的紫外线梯度暴露。这种生态特征可能会影响昆虫的一般生理，包括对杀虫剂的抗性状态。根据蚊虫繁殖地点的不同，我们评估了低能量紫外线照射对蚊子对生物和化学杀虫剂敏感性的影响。结果表明，低能量紫外线照射使蚊子几种解毒酶(细胞色素P450、谷胱甘肽S转移酶、酯酶)的活性增加。此外，通过RT-qPCR实验发现，在暴露于UV-A的蚊子中，发现了5个编码解毒酶的特定基因(CYP6BB2、CYP6Z7、CYP6Z8、GSTD4和GSTE2)与化学杀虫剂的抗药性有关。更重要的是，毒理学生物测定显示，紫外线照射的蚊子对4种主要化学杀虫剂(滴滴涕、吡虫啉、氯菊酯、敌敌畏)的耐受性更强，而生物杀虫剂苏云金杆菌以色列亚种(Bti)的毒性更强。本文首次提供了低能量UV-A提高蚊子对主要化学杀虫剂耐受性的实验证据。这也是首次将对化学杀虫剂的代谢抗药性与对生物杀虫剂的更高敏感性联系在一起。这些结果支持在蚊子对化学物质产生新陈代谢抵抗力时，将其作为化学杀虫剂的有效替代品。
Mosquitoes are vectors of major human diseases, such as malaria, dengue or yellow fever. Because no efficient treatments or vaccines are available for most of these diseases, control measures rely mainly on reducing mosquito populations by the use of insecticides. Numerous biotic and abiotic factors are known to modulate the efficacy of insecticides used in mosquito control. Mosquito breeding sites vary from opened to high vegetation covered areas leading to a large ultraviolet gradient exposure. This ecological feature may affect the general physiology of the insect, including the resistance status against insecticides. In the context of their contrasted breeding sites, we assessed the impact of low-energetic ultraviolet exposure on mosquito sensitivity to biological and chemical insecticides.We show that several mosquito detoxification enzyme activities (cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, esterases) were increased upon low-energy UV-A exposure. Additionally, five specific genes encoding detoxification enzymes (CYP6BB2,CYP6Z7,CYP6Z8,GSTD4, andGSTE2) previously shown to be involved in resistance to chemical insecticides were found over-transcribed in UV-A exposed mosquitoes, revealed by RT-qPCR experiments. More importantly, toxicological bioassays revealed that UV-exposed mosquitoes were more tolerant to four main chemical insecticide classes (DDT, imidacloprid, permethrin, temephos), whereas the bioinsecticideBacillus thuringiensissubsp.israelensis(Bti) appeared more toxic.The present article provides the first experimental evidence of the capacity of low-energy UV-A to increase mosquito tolerance to major chemical insecticides. This is also the first time that a metabolic resistance to chemical insecticides is linked to a higher susceptibility to a bioinsecticide. These results support the use ofBtias an efficient alternative to chemical insecticides when a metabolic resistance to chemicals has been developed by mosquitoes.