Effects and Side Effects Associated with the Non-Nutritional Use of Tryptophan by Humans
Effects and Side Effects Associated with the Non-Nutritional Use of Tryptophan by Humans
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DOI：
10.3945/jn.111.157065
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发表时间：
2012-12-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Fernstrom, John D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fernstrom, John D.
L色氨酸(Trp)的每日营养需要量适中(5 mg/kg)。然而，许多成年人选择摄入更多，高达4-5克/天(60-70毫克/公斤)，通常是为了改善情绪或睡眠。摄入L-色氨酸会提高大脑色氨酸水平，并刺激其在神经元中转化为5-羟色胺，这被认为是其活动的中介。补充色氨酸有副作用吗？一些人认为嗜睡是一种副作用，但那些用嗜睡来改善睡眠的人不这么认为。虽然文献很少，但偶尔会出现副作用，主要出现在较高剂量(70-200 mg/kg)，包括震颤、恶心和头晕，当单独服用Trp或与增强5-羟色胺功能的药物(如抗抑郁药)一起服用时可能发生。在极少数情况下，会出现“5-羟色胺综合症”，这是色氨酸与5-羟色胺药物联合使用时产生的过多的5-羟色胺刺激的结果。症状包括精神错乱、肌阵挛、体温过高和昏迷。1989年出现了一种新的综合征，称为嗜酸性肌痛综合征(EMS)，并迅速与补充色氨酸有关。主要症状包括衰弱的肌痛(肌肉疼痛)和外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数增加。原因被证明不是色氨酸，而是某些生产批次中的污染物。这并不令人惊讶，因为长期与TRP使用相关的副作用与EMS无关。50多年来，色氨酸一直被用作药物的补充剂和辅助药物，偶尔会产生轻微的、短暂的副作用。尽管如此，这个数据库很小，主要是轶事。仍需对副作用进行彻底的、与剂量相关的评估。J.Nutr.142：2236S-2244S，2012。
The daily nutritional requirement for L-tryptophan (Trp) is modest (5 mg/kg). However, many adults choose to consume much more, up to 4-5 g/d (60-70 mg/kg), typically to improve mood or sleep. Ingesting L-Trp raises brain tryptophan levels and stimulates its conversion to serotonin in neurons, which is thought to mediate its actions. Are there side effects from Trp supplementation? Some consider drowsiness a side effect, but not those who use it to improve sleep. Though the literature is thin, occasional side effects, seen mainly at higher doses (70-200 mg/kg), include tremor, nausea, and dizziness, and may occur when Trp is taken alone or with a drug that enhances serotonin function (e.g., antidepressants). In rare cases, the "serotonin syndrome" occurs, the result of too much serotonin stimulation when Trp is combined with serotonin drugs. Symptoms include delirium, myoclonus, hyperthermia, and coma. In 1989 a new syndrome appeared, dubbed eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (EMS), and was quickly linked to supplemental Trp use. Key symptoms included debilitating myalgia (muscle pain) and a high peripheral eosinophil count. The cause was shown not to be Trp but a contaminant in certain production batches. This is not surprising, because side effects long associated with Trp use were not those associated with the EMS. Over 5 decades, Trp has been taken as a supplement and as an adjunct to medications with occasional modest, short-lived side effects. Still, the database is small and largely anecdotal. A thorough, dose-related assessment of side effects remains to be conducted. J. Nutr. 142: 2236S-2244S, 2012.