Evaluation of the long‐term effect of biochar on properties of temperate agricultural soil at pre‐industrial charcoal kiln sites in Wallonia, Belgium
Evaluation of the long‐term effect of biochar on properties of temperate agricultural soil at pre‐industrial charcoal kiln sites in Wallonia, Belgium
复制标题
生物炭对比利时瓦隆工业化前炭窑遗址温带农业土壤性质的长期影响评估
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Dufey
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Hardy;J. Cornelis;David Houben;J. Leifeld;Richard Lambert;J. Dufey
对生物炭的研究有所增加，但其对温带农业土壤肥力的长期影响仍不清楚。在比利时瓦隆区，工业化前的木炭生产影响了十九世纪被砍伐用于耕种的前森林地区。传统木炭窑的遗址富含木炭残留物，类似于 150 多年前用硬木生物炭改良的土壤。我们对 17 个木炭窑址进行了采样，与邻近的参考土壤相比，表征了它们对土壤性质的影响。木炭-C含量通过差示扫描量热法估算。窑土中含有 1.8 至 33.1 g kg−1 的木炭-C，显着提高了有机 C:N 和 C:P 比率。它还含有比参考土壤略多的未炭化土壤有机碳（SOC），这与较高的全氮含量相符。我们测量到窑土中硝酸盐的小幅增加，这可能与有机氮的矿化和硝化作用增强有关。频繁施用石灰将 pH 值提高到接近中性的值，从而抵消了木炭生产对土壤酸度的残留影响。木炭-C 的阳离子交换容量 (CEC) 估计为 414 cmolc kg−1，而未炭化的 SOC 的阳离子交换容量 (CEC) 为 213 cmolc kg−1。尽管窑土的CEC很大，但交换性K+含量与邻近土壤没有什么不同，而交换性Ca2+和Mg2+含量则要高得多。木炭富集对有效磷、无机磷和总磷影响不大，但它可以与铜形成强络合物，从而降低金属的有效性。生物炭在土壤中非常持久；因此，长期影响不容忽视。
Research on biochar has increased, but its long‐term effect on the fertility of temperate agricultural soil remains unclear. In Wallonia, Belgium, pre‐industrial charcoal production affected former forested areas that were cleared for cultivation in the nineteenth century. The sites of traditional charcoal kilns, largely enriched in charcoal residues, are similar to soil amended with hardwood biochar more than 150 years ago. We sampled 17 charcoal kiln sites to characterize their effect on soil properties compared with adjacent reference soils. Charcoal‐C content was estimated by differential scanning calorimetry. The kiln soil contains from 1.8 to 33.1 g kg−1 of charcoal‐C, which markedly increases organic C:N and C:P ratios. It also contains slightly more uncharred soil organic carbon (SOC) than the reference soil, which accords with larger total N content. We measured a small increase in nitrates in the kiln soil that might relate to greater mineralization and nitrification of organic N. Frequent application of lime raised the pH to values close to neutral, which offset the residual effect of charcoal production on soil acidity. A cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 414 cmolc kg−1 was estimated for charcoal‐C, whereas that of uncharred SOC was 213 cmolc kg−1. Despite the large CEC of the kiln soil, exchangeable K+ content was no different from the adjacent soil, whereas exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents were considerably larger. Charcoal enrichment has little effect on available, inorganic and total P, but it can form strong complexes with Cu, which reduces the availability of the metal. Biochar is very persistent in soil; therefore, long‐term implications should not be overlooked.