A Decade of Experience: Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia
A Decade of Experience: Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia
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DOI：
10.1007/s11046-011-9475-x
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发表时间：
2012-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Kronstad, James
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bartlett, Karen H.;Cheng, Po-Yan;Kronstad, James
自从隐球菌Gattii首次被认为是不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华岛爆发隐球菌病的病原体以来，已经有十多年了。许多新的观察结果与这种新出现的病原体的研究有关。Gattii的一个新基因VGIIa被认为是与临床疾病相关的主要基因。较小的基因类型VGIIb和VGI也是不列颠哥伦比亚人患病的原因，无论是在人类还是动物群体中。临床主要基因VGIIa和次要基因VGIIb与从温哥华岛环境中分离的加蒂亚氏菌完全相同。VGI有更多的异质性，与环境的联系不明显。1999年至2010年期间，已有281例加蒂隐球菌病病例。据报道，感染的危险因素包括年龄大于50岁、吸烟史、使用皮质类固醇、艾滋病毒感染以及癌症或慢性肺部疾病病史。尽管暴发菌株在C57BL/6小鼠中产生的保护性炎症反应较少，但主要的Cattii基因VGIIa对小鼠的毒力与模型隐球菌H99新生双胞菌一样强。在小鼠模型中，次要基因VGIIb的毒力明显较小。在温哥华岛上发现的隐球菌与当地的树木和土壤有关。从空气和水中分离出了暂时的阳性物质。这种生物的生态位与有限的生物地理气候带有关，该气候带的特点是冬季日平均温度高于冰点。
It has been over a decade since Cryptococcus gattii was first recognized as the causative organism of an outbreak of cryptococcosis on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A number of novel observations have been associated with the study of this emergent pathogen. A novel genotype of C. gattii, VGIIa was described as the major genotype associated with clinical disease. Minor genotypes, VGIIb and VGI, are also responsible for disease in British Columbians, in both human and animal populations. The clinical major genotype VGIIa and minor genotype VGIIb are identical to C. gattii isolated from the environment of Vancouver Island. There is more heterogeneity in VGI, and a clear association with the environment is not apparent. Between 1999 and 2010, there have been 281 cases of C. gattii cryptococcosis. Risk factors for infection are reported to be age greater than 50 years, history of smoking, corticosteroid use, HIV infection, and history of cancer or chronic lung disease. The major C. gattii genotype VGIIa is as virulent in mice as the model Cryptococcus, H99 C. neoformans, although the outbreak strain produces a less protective inflammatory response in C57BL/6 mice. The minor genotype VGIIb is significantly less virulent in mouse models. Cryptococcus gattii is found associated with native trees and soil on Vancouver Island. Transiently positive isolations have been made from air and water. An ecological niche for this organism is associated within a limited biogeoclimatic zone characterized by daily average winter temperatures above freezing.