SOME EFFECTS OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON THE MULTIPLICATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF MARINE BACTERIA
SOME EFFECTS OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON THE MULTIPLICATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF MARINE BACTERIA
复制标题
静水压对海洋细菌增殖和形态的一些影响
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1950
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
C. Oppenheimer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. E. Zobell;C. Oppenheimer
海洋中的静水压每米深度增加约0.1个大气压，似乎是影响细菌活动的一个因素。塞尔特（1884 a，B）、塞尔特和科钦（1884）以及雷纳德（1884 a，B）的观察结果表明了这一点。Chlopin和Tammann（1903）、Hite等人（1914）、Larson等人（1918）的报告，以及Macheboeuf等人（1933）、Cattell（1936）和Basset等人（1938）评论的最近的报告表明，微生物的临界压力耐受范围为3，000至12，000个大气压，该压力高于已知最大海洋深度的压力特征，后者大约为1，100个大气压。明显的差异可能是由于实验条件的差异，包括生长阶段，物种，培养基，温度，时间和其他因素，现在已知的影响微生物的压力耐受性。ZoBell和约翰逊（1949）发现，在30 ℃下，仅用500至600个大气压的压力，就能在48小时内杀死处于对数生长期的许多来自表层土壤和浅水的常见微生物，并且在300个大气压下，某些微生物的增殖受到抑制。研究发现，深海中的静息细胞、内生孢子和细菌的耐压性更强，而在较高温度下加压的生物也是如此。“嗜压性”一词是用来描述优先或专门在高静水压力下生长的生物。这种细菌在深海和深威尔斯油井的盐水中都有发现。它们的对应物只在相对较低的压力下生长，比如高达200个大气压，被描述为“气压恐惧症”。那些能忍受高压但在正常压力下生长最好的植物被称为“耐气压的”。“本文主要关注海洋中嗜压、厌压和耐压细菌的发生和行为。
Hydrostatic pressure in the sea, which increases approximately 0.1 atmosphere per meter of depth, appears to be a factor that influences bacterial activities. This was indicated by the observations of Certes (1884a,b), Certes and Cochin (1884), and Regnard (1884a,b). The reports of Chlopin and Tammann (1903), Hite et al. (1914), Larson et al. (1918), and more recent ones reviewed by Macheboeuf et al. (1933), Cattell (1936), and Basset et al. (1938) indicate that the critical pressure tolerance of microorganisms ranges from 3,000 to 12,000 atmospheres, which is higher than pressures characteristic of the greatest known depth of the sea, the latter being of the order of 1,100 atmospheres. The apparent discrepancies are probably due to differences in experimental conditions, including growth phase, species, culture medium, temperature, time, and other factors now known to influence the pressure tolerance of microorganisms. ZoBell and Johnson (1949) found that many common microorganisms from surface soil and shallow water were killed in the logarithmic phase of growth in 48 hours at 30 C by pressures of only 500 to 600 atmospheres, and multiplication of some microorganisms was inhibited at 300 atmospheres. Resting cells, endospores, and bacteria from the deep sea were found to be more pressuretolerant as were organisms pressurized at higher temperatures. The term "barophilic" was coined to describe organisms that grow preferentially or exclusively at high hydrostatic pressures. Such bacteria have been found in the deep sea and also in brines from deep oil wells. Their counterparts that grow only at relatively low pressures, say up to 200 atmospheres, are described as "barophobic." Those that tolerate high pressures but grow best at normal pressures are described as "baroduric." The present paper is concerned primarily with observations on the occurrence and behavior of barophilic, barophobic, and baroduric bacteria in the sea.