Species of Political Parties
Species of Political Parties
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政党种类
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Diamond
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Richard Gunther;L. Diamond
虽然文献已经包括了大量的政党类型，但它们越来越无法捕捉近几十年来世界范围内出现的政党类型的巨大多样性，这主要是因为大多数类型都是基于西欧政党，因为它们存在于19世纪末到20世纪中期。已经提出了一些新的政党类型，但都是临时性的，而且所依据的标准差别很大，而且往往不一致。本文试图将许多常用的政党概念纳入一个连贯的框架中，并在现有模型无法捕捉当代政党重要方面的情况下划定新的政党类型。我们根据三个标准将15种政党划分为适当的“属”：（1）政党组织的性质（厚/薄，精英基础或群众基础等）; (2)党的纲领性方向（意识形态、特殊性-面向客户等）;（3）宽容和多元（或民主）与原始霸权（或反制度）。虽然这种类型学缺乏简约，我们相信，它更准确地捕捉到了政党的多样性，因为它们存在于当代民主世界，更有利于假设和理论建设比别人。
While the literature already includes a large number of party typologies, they are increasingly incapable of capturing the great diversity of party types that have emerged worldwide in recent decades, largely because most typologies were based upon West European parties as they existed in the late nineteenth through mid-twentieth centuries. Some new party types have been advanced, but in an ad hoc manner and on the basis of widely varying and often inconsistent criteria. This article is an effort to set many of the commonly used conceptions of parties into a coherent framework, and to delineate new party types whenever the existing models are incapable of capturing important aspects of contemporary parties. We classify each of 15 ‘species’ of party into its proper ‘genus’ on the basis of three criteria: (1) the nature of the party’s organization (thick/thin, elite-based or mass-based, etc.); (2) the programmatic orientation of the party (ideological, particularistic-clientele-oriented, etc.); and (3) tolerant and pluralistic (or democratic) versus proto-hegemonic (or anti-system). While this typology lacks parsimony, we believe that it captures more accurately the diversity of the parties as they exist in the contemporary democratic world, and is more conducive to hypothesistesting and theory-building than others.