Charles Darwin and the 1835 Chile Earthquake: Prograde Ground Motion, Mountain Building, and Tsunamis
Charles Darwin and the 1835 Chile Earthquake: Prograde Ground Motion, Mountain Building, and Tsunamis
复制标题
查尔斯·达尔文和 1835 年智利地震：地面运动、造山和海啸
DOI：
10.1785/0220120072
复制
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Lomnitz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Castaños;C. Lomnitz
查尔斯·达尔文，历史上最有影响力的科学家之一，作为船上博物学家，在英国海军的十炮禁闭式小猎犬号环球航行中访问了南美洲。他对1835年智利大地震的第一手研究为海啸的起源、山体建筑以及递进瑞利波在造成地震破坏中的作用贡献了重要的科学思想(Malischewsky Auning等人)。，2006,2008；Castanos和Lomnitz，2012)。
1835年2月20日的大地震和海啸，震中位于智利康塞普西翁附近，是拉丁美洲历史上最大的地震事件之一。这是这位科学家目击、描述和调查的唯一地震事件。这次地震的震级为8-8.5级(Lomnitz，2004)，但最近的证据可能表明，由于与2010年2月27日发生的8.8级Maule特大地震相似，有必要进行升级。海啸在康塞普西翁湾产生了比平均海平面高14米的海浪；港口、海滩和康斯蒂图西翁和塔尔卡瓦诺之间的海湾被夷为平地。
达尔文是一位享有特权的证人和一位出色的观察者。他对1835年地震的细致而准确的描述应该在科学文献中占有独特的地位。在这篇文章中，我们提供了达尔文实际所见和所感的重建，并对他的一些主要结论进行了解释和重新评估。
在1835年3月10日给他的妹妹卡罗琳的一封信中，达尔文写道：“我仍然深受晕船之苦，没有什么，甚至连地质学本身都无法弥补精神上的痛苦和烦恼”(达尔文，1835年)。
达尔文在比格尔号上度过的五年中，大部分时间都感到身体不适。他的主诉是运动症，俗称运动病--一种由进入大脑…的视觉信息之间的差异引起的虚弱
Charles Darwin, one of the most influential scientists in history, visited South America as a shipboard naturalist on the round‐the‐world voyage of H.M.S. Beagle , a ten‐gun brig of the British Navy. His first‐hand research of the great 1835 Chile earthquake contributed important scientific ideas about the origin of tsunamis, mountain building, and the role of prograde Rayleigh waves in generating earthquake damage (Malischewsky Auning et al. , 2006, 2008; Castanos and Lomnitz, 2012).
The great earthquake and tsunami of 20 February 1835, with epicenter near Concepcion, Chile, was among the largest seismic events in Latin American history. It was the only seismic event witnessed, described, and investigated by this scientist. The earthquake had a magnitude of 8–8.5 (Lomnitz, 2004) but recent evidence may suggest the need for an upgrade due to the similarity with the 27 February 2010 M 8.8 Maule megaquake. The tsunami produced waves of 14 m height above mean sea level in the Bay of Concepcion; ports, beaches, and coves between Constitucion and Talcahuano were razed.
Darwin was a privileged witness and a superb observer. His careful and accurate description of the 1835 earthquake should occupy a unique position in scientific literature. In this paper we offer a reconstruction of what Darwin actually saw and felt, and an interpretation and re‐evaluation of some of his major conclusions.
In a letter addressed to his sister Caroline on 10 March 1835, Darwin wrote, “I continue to suffer so much from sea‐sickness, that nothing, not even geology itself can make up for the misery and vexation of spirit” (Darwin, 1835).
Darwin felt ill for most of the five years he spent on board the Beagle . His complaint was kinetosis, commonly known as motion sickness—an infirmity attributed to a discrepancy between visual information going to the brain …