Development of predator defences in fishes
Development of predator defences in fishes
复制标题
鱼类捕食防御的发展
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1994
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
A. Magurran
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Fuiman;A. Magurran
摘要形态、行为和经验上的各种发育特征导致幼鱼极易受到捕食。这些特征的影响是复杂的，因为幼虫期是一个实质性和快速变化的时期。然而，生存是最终的目标；只有达到成熟，每一条鱼才有机会繁殖。在如此高的风险下，捕食者的防御在生命的所有阶段都是重要的，这并不令人惊讶。发育限制可能会限制幼鱼的防御选择。回避行为可以降低遇到捕食者或被捕食者攻击的可能性，这种行为在最年轻的阶段尤为明显。在这里，大小、颜色和扩散被用来帮助躲避捕食者的注意。随着鱼类的生长并获得更高的形态和行为复杂程度，当回避失败时，捕食者逃避的空间更大。年龄较大的鱼类对外界刺激的反应能力越来越强，能够发现捕食者并对其做出反应，或加入共同防御(群体)。行为发展不仅仅是身体发育和伴随的身体变化的结果；它还受到通过与物理和生物环境相互作用而产生的经验的调节。对经验作出反应的倾向可能是进化史的产物。虽然死亡率随着发育和成熟而显著下降，但大小或行为的变化会使鱼类容易受到新的捕食者群体的攻击。有效地避免捕食者可能会危及其他活动，如觅食，个人可能被迫调和相互冲突的要求。例如，当某些体型的阶级在利润较低的觅食栖息地避难时，发生的发育生态位变化就是这样一种权衡。生态位的改变也可能受到形态发育计划对感觉或行为能力的影响。除了所有这些发育条件外，环境条件的自然变化--如温度、光周期、捕食者密度和种类以及替代猎物的存在--对捕食者在从出生到繁殖的成年仪式期间的防御构成了额外的挑战。
SummaryA variety of development characteristics, morphological, behavioural, and experiential, contribute to the extreme vulnerability of young fishes to predation. The influence of these characteristics is complicated by the fact that the larval period is one of substantial and rapid change. Yet survival is the ultimate goal;-it is only by reaching maturity that individual fish have the opportunity to reproduce. With such high stakes it is not surprising that predator defences are of major importance during all phases of life. Developmental constraints may limit the defensive options for young fishes. Avoidance behaviours, which reduce the likelihood of encountering a predator or of being attacked by it, are particulaly evident in the youngest stages. Here size, coloration and dispersal are used to help elude the predator's attention. As fishes grow and acquire greater morphological and behavioural sophistication, there is more scope for predator evasion when avoidance fails. Older fishes are increasingly able to respond to external stimuli and can detect and react to predators or join conspecifics in common defence (schooling). Behavioural development is not simply a consequence of growth and the concomitant physical alterations of the body; it is also mediated by experience that comes through interaction with the physical and biotic environment. Predispositions to respond to experience may be a product of evolutionary history. Although mortality rates decline markedly with development and maturity, changes in size or behaviour can render fishes vulnerable to new suites of predators. Effective predator avoidance can compromise other activities, such as foraging, and individuals may be forced to reconcile conflicting demands. Developmental niche shifts that occur, for example, when certain size classes take refuge in less profitable feeding habitats, represent one such trade-off. Niche shifts may also be mediated by the influence of the programme for morphological development on sensory or behavioural capabilities. In addition to all of these developmental consderations, natural variations in environmental conditions — such as temperature, photoperiod, predator density and variety, and presence of alternative prey — represent additional challenges to predator defences during the rite of passage from birth to reproduction.
父母照顾的演变
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692576.003.0016
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kölliker M
通讯作者：
Kölliker M