The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids: Evolution of paternal care in the giant water bugs (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae)
The Evolution of Social Behavior in Insects and Arachnids: Evolution of paternal care in the giant water bugs (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae)
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昆虫和蛛形纲动物社会行为的进化：巨型水蝽（异翅目：Belostomatidae）父系照顾的进化
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511721953.007
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Robert L. Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Robert L. Smith
单侧受精卵后父系抚育在动物中极为罕见。巨型水虫科的Belostomatidae包含了大多数已知表现出这种不寻常行为的节肢动物物种。在狐尾虫亚科中，雄性在新兴植被上产卵。在这个群体中，孵蛋包括给蛋浇水、遮荫和保护它们免受捕食。在Belostomatinae亚科中，雄性采用各种各样的行为模式来为配偶附着在背上的卵充气。在所有被研究的下口虫物种中，育雏是必须的；无人看管的卵如果放在露天或浸泡在水中，必然会死亡。本章探讨了Belostomatidae和相关分类群的生物学、系统发育和化石记录，试图辨别这种不寻常行为的进化及其随后的多样化的选择力、限制和历史事件的顺序。选择体型较大的昆虫，是为了利用脊椎动物捕食的优势，再加上Dyar定律的双重系统发育约束和异翅目动物明显无法蜕皮，卵的大小与体型的大小耦合在一起。因此，选择大虫子也产生了大虫卵：虫卵大到无法在无人看管的情况下在水中发育。过去蛋在水中产卵的历史使得这些较大的蛋在无人看管的露天环境中缺乏必要的适应能力，无法在干燥的环境中生存。因此，大鸡蛋为一种创新创造了选择，以解除鸡蛋大小对图像大小的限制。因此，涌现的孵蛋是在尾尾动物谱系中进化而来的。
ABSTRACT Unilateral postzygotic paternal care is extremely rare among animals. The giant water bug family Belostomatidae contains most of the arthropod species known to exhibit this unusual behavior. In the subfamily Lethocerinae, males brood eggs laid on emergent vegetation. Brooding in this group involves watering eggs, shading them, and defending them against predation. In the subfamily Belostomatinae, males employ a variety of behavior patterns to aerate eggs attached to their backs by their mates. Brooding is obligatory in all belostomatid species studied; unattended eggs invariably die if left in the open air or submersed. This chapter explores the biology, phylogeny and fossil record of the Belostomatidae and related taxa in an attempt to discern the selection forces, the constraints, and the sequence of historical events responsible for the evolution of this unusual behavior and its subsequent diversification. Selection for large bug size, in order to take advantage of vertebrate prey, together with the dual phylogenetic constraints of Dyar's Law and the apparent inability of heteropterans to add molts, coupled egg size to body size. Thus selection for large bugs also produced large eggs: too large to develop unattended submersed in water. A past history of eggs being laid in water left these larger eggs lacking the necessary adaptations to survive desiccation when laid unattended in the open air. Consequently, large eggs created selection for an innovation to lift egg–size limitations on imago size. Ergo, emergent brooding evolved in the lethocerine lineage.