Introducing autonomous buses and taxis: Quantifying the potential benefits in Japanese transportation systems
Introducing autonomous buses and taxis: Quantifying the potential benefits in Japanese transportation systems
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DOI：
10.1016/j.tra.2019.06.003
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发表时间：
2019-08
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Ryosuke Abe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ryosuke Abe
自动驾驶公交车和出租车的引入预计将带来降低成本等好处，特别是对于赤字严重的地区公交车运营而言，以及通过降低出行成本来提高公共交通的可达性。本文的目的是通过量化日本的旅行成本，概述引入自动驾驶公交车和出租车对大都市交通系统的影响，并讨论潜在的好处。首先，本研究对自动驾驶技术做出了假设，包括其对车辆成本的影响、公交车和出租车驾驶和安全监控劳动力成本的降低以及私家车用户驾驶压力的降低。接下来，计算日本大都市地区自动驾驶公交车和出租车的运营成本。然后，针对高密度和低密度大都市地区的不同出行类型，计算有或没有车辆自动化的出行成本，或者货币成本和时间成本的总和。结果强调，由于车辆自动化，目前在总出行成本中时间成本所占比例较小的公共交通出行成本可能会大幅下降。例如，出租车出行 10-20 公里行程的成本可降低 44-61%，有出租车接入的铁路/公交车出行成本可降低 13-37%，其次是公交车出行成本可降低 6-11%，有公交车接入的铁路出行成本可降低 1-11%。此外，私家车出行成本可降低 11-16%。如果出行距离较短和/或在远离车站的住宅区，通过出租车接入的铁路/公共汽车出行成本可能会大幅降低；在低密度大都市地区，通过巴士出行的铁路出行可能会大幅减少。最后，预计更固定的公共道路交通模式中的车辆自动化将主要使交通行业和政府受益，带来提高劳动生产率和减少补贴等效果，而更灵活的模式中的车辆自动化则可能使大都市居民和交通行业受益。这进一步表明，在向自动驾驶公交车全面发挥作用的过渡过程中，区域公交车运营的不足可以得到弥补。
The introduction of autonomous buses and taxis is expected to generate such benefits as cost reductions—and particularly for regional bus operations with a substantial deficit—as well as enhancing public transit accessibility through decreased trip costs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the impacts of introducing autonomous buses and taxis on metropolitan transportation systems by quantifying the costs of travel in Japan, and to discuss the potential benefits. First, this study sets the assumptions on autonomous driving technology, including its impacts on vehicle costs, the decreased labor costs for driving and safety monitoring in buses and taxis, and decreased driving stress for private car users. Next, operating costs are computed for autonomous buses and taxis in Japanese metropolitan areas. The costs of travel, or the sum of monetary and time costs, are then computed with and without vehicle automation for different trip types in high- and low-density metropolitan areas. The results highlight that the costs of public transit trips that currently have a smaller share of time costs in overall trip costs could decrease considerably due to vehicle automation. For instance, costs for 10–20-km trip lengths could decrease by 44–61% for taxi trips and 13–37% for rail/bus trips with taxi access, followed by a decrease of 6–11% for bus trips and 1–11% for rail trips with bus access. Further, private car trip costs could decrease by 11–16%. More substantial cost reductions in rail/bus trips with taxi access could occur in the case of smaller trip distances and/or in residential areas far from stations; larger reductions in rail trips with bus access could occur in low-density metropolitan areas. Finally, it is expected that vehicle automation in more fixed modes of public road transit could primarily benefit the transit industry and government, with such effects as improved labor productivity and reduced subsidies, while vehicle automation in more flexible modes could benefit metropolitan residents as well as the transit industry. This further suggests that a deficit of regional bus operations could be recovered during the transition to the full performance of autonomous buses.