The Pear Stories: Cognitive, Cultural and Linguistic Aspects of Narrative Production
The Pear Stories: Cognitive, Cultural and Linguistic Aspects of Narrative Production
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梨子故事：叙事生产的认知、文化和语言方面
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发表时间：
1980
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通讯作者：
W. Chafe
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作者：
W. Chafe
正如本书中的文章所举例说明的那样，叙事话语的研究涉及叙事的展开以及这种展开的叙事在文字中的表达。[1]随着叙事从一个场景转移到另一个场景，开场场景被设定，人物和物体被介绍，事件被描述。在探讨这一现象时，我们可以选择考察叙述内容在话语单位中的分配（Chafe，第1章），选择一个突出的指称物来承担小句中主语的角色（Bernardo，第6章），或者考察更大的文化语境对事件表达和评价的影响（Tannen，第2章）。或者，我们可以关注一个范围更窄的现象：话语中人物和物体的言语化。这是唐宁和克兰西为本书以及本章撰写的论文的领域。这个专题虽然表面上很狭窄，但有两个不同的方面。一方面，我们可以考虑名词动词化的静态方面。说话者面对的是一个对象，其语义实质需要表达。他必须利用他的文化知识和他对他的收件人的理解，以确定什么是突出的，因此值得用言语表达，他利用他的语义知识来表达适当的分类。唐宁处理的是问题的这一方面。但
The study of narrative discourse, as exemplified in the essays in this book, treats the unfolding of narrative and the expression of this unfolding narrative in words.1 The opening scene is set, characters and objects introduced, and events described, as the narrative shifts from scene to scene. In approaching this phenomenon, one may choose to examine the portioning of narrative content into discourse units (Chafe, Chapter 1), the selection of a prominent referent to take on the role of subject in a clause (Bernardo, Chapter 6), or the influence of the larger cultural context on the expression of events and evaluations (Tannen, Chapter 2). Or, one may focus on a phenomenon of narrower scope: the verbalization of characters and objects within the discourse. This is the domain of the essays that Downing and Clancy contributed to this book and of the present chapter. Though apparently narrow, the topic has two distinct aspects. On the one hand, one may consider the static aspect of nominal verbalization. The speaker is confronted by an object whose semantic substance requires expression. He must draw on his cultural knowledge and his understanding of his addressee in order to decide what is salient and hence worthy of verbalization, and he employs his semantic knowledge in the expression of the appropriate categorization. Downing deals with this facet ofthe problem. But