The eyes and vision of butterflies
The eyes and vision of butterflies
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DOI：
10.1113/jp273917
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发表时间：
2017-08-15
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
Arikawa, Kentaro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Arikawa, Kentaro
蝴蝶在寻找花朵时使用颜色视觉。与人类的三色视网膜（蓝色、绿色和红色视锥细胞;加上视杆细胞）和蜜蜂的三色视网膜（紫外线、蓝色和绿色光感受器）不同，蝴蝶视网膜通常有六种或更多种具有不同光谱敏感性的光感受器。黄凤蝶（Papilio xuthus）的眼睛含有紫外线、紫色、蓝色、绿色、红色和宽带感受器，每个小眼以三种固定组合之一容纳九个感光细胞。因此，凤蝶的眼睛是由三种光谱不均匀的小眼随机拼凑而成的。为了确定凤蝶是否使用它们所有的受体来看到颜色，我们测量了它们区分波长略有不同的单色光的能力。我们发现，凤蝶可以在三个波长区域检测到小至1-2 nm的差异，与人类的表现相媲美。然后，我们使用数学建模来推断哪些光感受器参与波长辨别。我们的模拟表明，凤蝶的视觉是四色的，采用紫外线，蓝色，绿色和红色受体。三种小眼的随机排列是蝴蝶的常见特征。为了解决蝴蝶光谱复杂的眼睛是如何进化的问题，我们研究了它们的发育过程。我们发现，蝴蝶眼睛的发育与果蝇有着相同的分子逻辑：转录因子Spineless的三向随机表达模式决定了小眼的命运，从而在凤蝶中创造了随机阵列。
Butterflies use colour vision when searching for flowers. Unlike the trichromatic retinas of humans(blue, green and red cones; plus rods) and honeybees (ultraviolet, blue and green photoreceptors), butterfly retinas typically have six ormore photoreceptor classes with distinct spectral sensitivities. The eyes of the Japanese yellow swallowtail (Papilio xuthus) contain ultraviolet, violet, blue, green, red and broad-band receptors, with each ommatidium housing nine photoreceptor cells in one of three fixed combinations. The Papilio eye is thus a random patchwork of three types of spectrally heterogeneous ommatidia. To determine whether Papilio use all of their receptors to see colours, we measured their ability to discriminate monochromatic lights of slightly different wavelengths. We found that Papilio can detect differences as small as 1-2 nm in threewavelength regions, rivalling human performance. We then used mathematical modelling to infer which photoreceptors are involved in wavelength discrimination. Our simulation indicated that the Papilio vision is tetrachromatic, employing the ultraviolet, blue, green and red receptors. The random array of three ommatidial types is a common feature in butterflies. To address the question of how the spectrally complex eyes of butterflies evolved, we studied their developmental process. We have found that the development of butterfly eyes shares its molecular logic with that of Drosophila: the three-way stochastic expression pattern of the transcription factor Spineless determines the fate of ommatidia, creating the random array in Papilio.