Wild pollination services to California almond rely on semi-natural habitat
Wild pollination services to California almond rely on semi-natural habitat
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02144.x
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发表时间：
2012-06-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Kremen, Claire
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Klein, Alexandra-Maria;Brittain, Claire;Kremen, Claire
1.全球蜜蜂数量的下降导致人们担心授粉水平低对粮食生产产生负面影响。这在加州是一个例子，那里对蜜蜂蜜蜂为杏仁Prunus dulcis授粉的需求正在增加，但蜜蜂健康的问题表明，仅仅依靠单一物种的授粉服务可能是不可持续的。2.我们调查了周围的自然栖息地，有机管理和半自然植被带的数量对野生和管理授粉和坐果的23个加州杏仁果园（15个常规，8个有机）的访花频率的影响。五个传统果园和四个有机果园的包围率很低（30%）。另外五个传统的果园与周围的自然栖息地的比例低，有一个相邻的半自然植被带，并被列入研究，代表一个现实的选择果园管理密集的农业景观。3.野生蜜蜂的物种访问杏仁花，但只有在果园与相邻的半自然栖息地或植被带。有机管理增加了苍蝇和野蜂的访花频率。一条半自然植被的果园与周围的自然栖息地的百分比低的存在增加了野生传粉者的物种数量和访花频率，但只在果园边缘，而不是看到的程度时，自然栖息地是丰富的。4.野生蜜蜂的种类丰富度和访花频率，而不是蜜蜂的频率，有关坐果。结果随着果园周围自然栖息地百分比的增加而增加。有机农业或植被带的存在并没有增加坐果。5.合成与应用。应鼓励和监测高度集约化农业景观中沿农田边缘沿着恢复高质量生境带，以保护传粉者，并确定是否能实现农业效益。虽然蜜蜂是许多植物的主要和最重要的传粉昆虫，但野生传粉者可能是确保高坐果率所必需的。在加州，仅靠有机农业无法维持杏仁的野生授粉服务。
1. Global declines in honeybees have led to concerns about negative impacts on food production because of low levels of pollination. This is exemplified in California where the demand for honeybees Apis mellifera to pollinate almond Prunus dulcis is increasing, but problems with honeybee health suggest it may not be sustainable to rely solely on the pollination service of a single species. 2. We investigated the effect of the quantity of surrounding natural habitat, organic management and strips of semi-natural vegetation on flower visitation frequency of wild and managed pollinators and fruit set in 23 California almond orchards (15 conventional, 8 organic). Five conventional and four organic orchards were surrounded by a low percentage (30%). A further five conventional orchards with a low percentage of surrounding natural habitat had an adjacent strip of semi-natural vegetation and were included in the study to represent a realistic option for orchard management in intensive agricultural landscapes. 3. Wild bee species visited almond flowers but only in orchards with adjacent semi-natural habitat or vegetation strips. Organic management increased the flower visitation frequencies of hover flies and wild bees. The presence of a strip of semi-natural vegetation in orchards with a low percentage of surrounding natural habitat increased the number of species and the flower visitation frequency by wild pollinators but only at orchard edges and not to the degree seen when natural habitat was abundant. 4. Wild bee species richness and flower visitation frequency, but not honeybee frequency, were related to fruit set. Fruit set increased with increasing percentage of natural habitat surrounding the orchards. Organic farming or the presence of a vegetation strip did not increase fruit set. 5. Synthesis and applications. The restoration of high quality habitat strips along the edges of crop fields in highly intensified agricultural landscapes should be encouraged and monitored to conserve pollinators and to determine whether benefits for agriculture can be realized. Although honeybees are the main and most important pollinating insects for many plants, wild pollinators may be necessary to ensure high fruit set. Organic farming alone will not sustain wild pollination services for almond in California.