Development of Brugia pahangi in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus, with notes on infections in other rodents.
Development of Brugia pahangi in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus, with notes on infections in other rodents.
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彭亨布鲁格虫在沙鼠（Meriones unguiculatus）中的发育，以及其他啮齿动物感染的记录。
作者：
L. Ash;J. M. Riley
研究人员将42只鸡的睾丸区皮下接种了侵染犬8 ~ 9天的亚信天阿蚊（Armigeres subalbatus）。所有动物都被感染了。从毛皮、胴体、淋巴结、脂肪、睾丸、心脏和肺部恢复了早期发育阶段。第三次蜕皮发生在感染后6 ~ 9天，第四次蜕皮发生在感染后18 ~ 24天。雄性比雌性早1 ~ 2天开始最后两次蜕皮。33只鸟中有25只发生了持续至少13周的微丝虫病感染。微丝虫密度变化很大，似乎在一定程度上取决于所使用的幼虫接种物的大小。被10 ~ 50只幼虫感染的鸟类通常会发生低微丝虫病；接种70 ~ 100只幼虫后，微丝虫密度高。所有感染的平均术前时间为67 d；最短的为57天，最长的为84天。成虫通常在心脏和肺部或睾丸中发现，但最高和最稳定的微丝虫病发生在大多数蠕虫在睾丸中的动物身上。调查的其他可能的啮齿动物宿主包括第二种鸟类，M. libycus，一种木鼠，Neotoma lepida，一种袋鼠鼠，Dipodomys merriami和金仓鼠。除袋鼠大鼠外，其余大鼠均可发现发育中的线虫，但微丝虫仅在M. libycus中产生。蠕虫几乎只在这些啮齿类动物的心脏和肺部被发现。试图用人类和其他脊椎动物的淋巴寄生丝虫病感染小啮齿动物通常是不成功的。也许最协调一致的努力是Ramachandran和Pacheco(1965)，他们在棉鼠身上取得了有限的成功。其他工作者，Laing et al., 1961；埃德森等人，1962；Zaini et al., 1962；艾哈迈德，1967年a， b；Chong和Wong（1967）试图在小鼠、大鼠、仓鼠和其他啮齿类动物中建立pahangi B.或亚周期B. mialayi，但几乎没有成功。对易感小动物宿主进行生物学、宿主-寄生虫关系和人类丝虫病化疗研究的必要性已被反复强调（世卫组织技术代表第359号，1967年）。鸟类作为多种寄生虫感染的合适宿主的能力表明它们可能是布鲁贾属丝虫的宿主。本研究报道了巴汉氏双球菌在三栖昆虫——爪角角蝽（Meriones unguiculatus）中的传播。收于1970年2月13日印发。*本调查由美国国立卫生研究院下属的NIAID、卫生、教育和福利部、美国公共卫生服务研究基金AI-07770管理的美日合作医学科学计划支持。材料与方法1968年从Parke， Davis AND Company获得一只感染pahangi勃氏杆菌的狗；这种菌株起源于马来西亚，并于1958年被带到美国，在那里它被维持在猫和狗身上（Schacher, 1962）。加州大学洛杉矶分校传染病和热带病部昆虫部饲养的一种新加坡亚信天阿蚊系被用作媒介蚊子（Barr, 1964）。蚊子以麻醉的狗为食，在接触时，每20毫米血液中有200至400个微丝虫密度。将感染的蚊子置于温度24 ~ 26℃，相对湿度70 ~ 80%的环境中8 ~ 9天后解剖。蚊子在浸入冰桶的试管中昏迷，然后用细钳分成头部、胸部和腹部。这些部分立即置于组织培养液（培养基NCTC 135，可从North American Biologicals， Inc., 16500 N.W. 7th Avenue, Miami, Florida）中，pH值为6.7至6.9，Baermann漏斗中。幼虫迅速从破碎的蚊子中迁移出来，并定居在漏斗的底部。然后，他们被抽出来清点。以这种方式处理的幼虫不会附着在玻璃器皿上，并且在液体没有变成碱性的情况下保持活性几个小时。这种方法在时间、劳动和获得的幼虫数量和活力方面都优于单独解剖蚊子。使用的啮齿动物宿主是：黑爪蒙古雀；第二种，M.利比亚；两种加州本地啮齿类动物，木鼠Neotoma lepida和袋鼠鼠Dipodomys merriami，并在商业上获得
Infective larvae of Brugia pahangi dissected from Armigeres subalbatus that had fed 8 to 9 days previously on an infected dog were inoculated subcutaneously into the testicular area of 42 jirds, Meriones unguiculatus. All animals became infected. Early developmental stages were recovered from the pelt, carcass, lymph nodes, fat, testes, heart, and lungs. The third molt occurred from 6 to 9 days and the fourth molt from 18 to 24 days postinfection. Males started the last two molts from 1 to 2 days earlier than females. Twenty-five of 33 jirds developed patent infections with microfilaremias persisting for at least 13 weeks. Microfilarial densities varied considerably and appeared to be somewhat dependent on the size of the larval inoculum used. Jirds infected with 10 to 50 larvae usually developed low microfilaremias; high microfilarial densities were frequently see following inoculation of 70 to 100 larvae. The mean prepatent period for all infections was 67 days; the shortest time was 57 days, the longest 84 days. Adult worms were usually found either in the heart and lungs or in the testes, but the highest and most stable microfilaremias occurred in animals with a majority of worms in the testes. Other potential rodent hosts investigated included a second species of jird, M. libycus, a wood rat, Neotoma lepida, a kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, and golden hamsters. Developing worms were found in all but the kangaroo rats, but microfilariae were produced only in M. libycus. Worms were found almost exclusively in the heart and lungs of these other rodents. Attempts to infect small rodents with lymphatic-dwelling filarial worms of man and other vertebrates have generally been unsuccessful. Probably the most concerted effort was that of Ramachandran and Pacheco (1965) who achieved limited success with Brugia pahangi in cotton rats. Other workers, Laing et al., 1961; Edeson et al., 1962; Zaini et al., 1962; Ahmed, 1967a, b; and Chong and Wong, 1967, tried to establish either B. pahangi or subperiodic B. mialayi in mice, rats, hamsters, and other rodents with little or no success. The need for a susceptible small animal host for studies on the biology, host-parasite relationships, and chemotherapy of human filariae has been stressed repeatedly (WHO Tech. Rep. No. 359, 1967). The ability of jirds to serve as suitable hosts for a variety of helminth infections suggested their possible usefulness as hosts for filariae of the genus Brugia. This study reports on the experimental transmission of B. pahangi to the jird, Meriones unguiculatus. Received for publication 13 February 1970. * This investigation was supported by the United State-Japan Cooperative Medical Science Program administered by the NIAID of the NIH, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, U. S. Public Health Service Research Grant AI-07770. MATERIALS AND METHODS A dog infected with B. pahangi was obtained in 1968 from Parke, Davis and Company; this strain originated in Malaysia and was brought to the United States in 1958 where it was maintained in cats and dogs (Schacher, 1962). A Singapore strain of Armigeres subalbatus, maintained in the insectary of the Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases at UCLA, was used as the vector mosquito (Barr, 1964). Mosquitoes were fed on an anesthetized dog that had a microfilarial density of 200 to 400 per 20 mm3 of blood at the time of exposure. Infected mosquitoes were then maintained at a temperature of 24 to 26 C and a relative humidity of 70 to 80% for 8 to 9 days prior to their dissection. Mosquitoes were stunned in test tubes immersed in an ice bucket and were then divided, using fine forceps, into head, thorax, and abdomen. These parts were immediately placed in tissue culture fluid (Medium NCTC 135, available from North American Biologicals, Inc., 16500 N.W. 7th Avenue, Miami, Florida), at a pH of 6.7 to 6.9, in a Baermann funnel. Larvae rapidly migrated out of fragmented mosquitoes and settled to the bottom of the funnel. They were then drawn off and counted. Larvae handled in this manner did not adhere to the glassware, and remained active for several hours, provided the fluid did not become alkaline. This was superior to dissecting mosquitoes individually in terms of time and labor involved and the numbers and vigor of larvae obtained. The rodent hosts used were: Meriones unguiculatus, the dark-clawed mongolian jird; a second jird species, M. libycus; two native California rodents, Neotoma lepida, a wood rat, and Dipodomys merriami, a kangaroo rat, and commercially obtained