The Predictive Coding Account of Psychosis.
The Predictive Coding Account of Psychosis.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.05.015
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发表时间：
2018-11-01
影响因子：
10.6
通讯作者：
Corlett PR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sterzer P;Adams RA;Fletcher P;Frith C;Lawrie SM;Muckli L;Petrovic P;Uhlhaas P;Voss M;Corlett PR
随着计算神经科学的发展，人们对精神病的神经计算机制越来越感兴趣。一种成功的方法涉及预测编码和贝叶斯推理。在这里，关于世界当前状态的推断是通过将先前的信念与传入的感官信号相结合来做出的。先前的信念和输入信号之间的不匹配构成了驱动新学习的预测错误。精神病被认为是由于先前的信念相对于感觉数据的编码精度降低，从而获得适应不良的推论。在这里，我们回顾了目前的证据异常预测编码和讨论的挑战，这种典型的预测编码帐户的精神病。例如，幻觉和妄想可能与预测编码的不同改变有关，尽管它们常见共存。更广泛地说，一些研究表明先前对精神病的信念减弱，而另一些研究则发现了更强的信念。这些挑战可能会通过更细致入微的预测编码来回答。不同的先验可以被指定为不同的感觉模态及其整合，并且每种模态中的缺陷不需要是统一的。此外，层级组织可能至关重要。层次结构中较低级别的变更过程不需要与较高级别的过程线性相关（反之亦然）。最后，规范理论并不强调主动推理--通过这个过程，我们的行为对我们的感觉的影响被预期并最小化。通过考虑这些复杂性，相互矛盾的发现可能会得到调和，预示着一个更适合处理其多种表现的精神病框架。
Fueled by developments in computational neuroscience, there has been increasing interest in the underlying neurocomputational mechanisms of psychosis. One successful approach involves predictive coding and Bayesian inference. Here, inferences regarding the current state of the world are made by combining prior beliefs with incoming sensory signals. Mismatches between prior beliefs and incoming signals constitute prediction errors that drive new learning. Psychosis has been suggested to result from a decreased precision in the encoding of prior beliefs relative to the sensory data, thereby garnering maladaptive inferences. Here, we review the current evidence for aberrant predictive coding and discuss challenges for this canonical predictive coding account of psychosis. For example, hallucinations and delusions may relate to distinct alterations in predictive coding, despite their common co-occurrence. More broadly, some studies implicate weakened prior beliefs in psychosis, and others find stronger priors. These challenges might be answered with a more nuanced view of predictive coding. Different priors may be specified for different sensory modalities and their integration, and deficits in each modality need not be uniform. Furthermore, hierarchical organization may be critical. Altered processes at lower levels of a hierarchy need not be linearly related to processes at higher levels (and vice versa). Finally, canonical theories do not highlight active inference—the process through which the effects of our actions on our sensations are anticipated and minimized. It is possible that conflicting findings might be reconciled by considering these complexities, portending a framework for psychosis more equipped to deal with its many manifestations.