Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates
Nutritional characterization and measurement of dietary carbohydrates
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602937
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发表时间：
2007-12-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Englyst, H. N.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Englyst, K. N.;Liu, S.;Englyst, H. N.
膳食碳水化合物表征应反映相关的营养和功能属性，并作为化学鉴定组分进行测量。提出了基于这些原则的营养分类，主要分为“可用碳水化合物”和“抗性碳水化合物”，“可用碳水化合物”在小肠中消化和吸收，提供碳水化合物用于代谢，“抗性碳水化合物”在小肠中抵抗消化或吸收/代谢不良。对于可利用的碳水化合物，化学分类为淀粉和总糖类别并不能充分反映食物的生理或营养属性。表征淀粉类食物的碳水化合物释放提供了对负责不同代谢效应的一些固有机制的深入了解。此外，一个务实的方法，以产品标志符合准则，以限制游离（或添加）糖的建议。最突出的抗性碳水化合物是来自植物细胞壁的非淀粉多糖（NSP），这是大部分未经精制的植物食品的特征，为膳食纤维的定义和测量提供了证据基础，作为“内在植物细胞壁多糖”，如本文所述，并得到科学更新的认可。小肠中的不可消化性不被认为是定义膳食纤维的充分基础，因为没有足够的证据通过这种方法建立公共卫生政策，并且已经提出了对快速发酵抗性碳水化合物的高摄入量的潜在有害影响的担忧。因此，抗性淀粉和抗性低聚糖等功能性成分应与膳食纤维分开研究和管理，并酌情使用特定的健康或功能声明。这种结构化的方法来表征膳食碳水化合物的营养相关特征，为确定人口参考摄入量、营养声称和食品标签提供了基础，这将有助于消费者做出适当的知情饮食选择。
Dietary carbohydrate characterization should reflect relevant nutritional and functional attributes, and be measured as chemically identified components. A nutritional classification based on these principles is presented, with a main grouping into 'available carbohydrates', which are digested and absorbed in the small intestine providing carbohydrates for metabolism, and 'resistant carbohydrates', which resist digestion in the small intestine or are poorly absorbed/metabolized. For the available carbohydrates, the chemical division into the starch and total sugars categories does not adequately reflect the physiological or nutritional attributes of foods. Characterizing carbohydrate release from starchy foods provides insight into some of the inherent mechanisms responsible for the varied metabolic effects. Also, a pragmatic approach to product signposting consistent with guidelines to limit free ( or added) sugars is proposed. The most prominent of the resistant carbohydrates are the non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from plant cell walls, which are characteristic of the largely unrefined plant foods that provide the evidence base for the definition and measurement of dietary fibre as 'intrinsic plant cell-wall polysaccharides' as proposed in conjunction with this paper and endorsed by the scientific update. Indigestibility in the small intestine was not considered to be an adequate basis for the definition of dietary fibre, as there is insufficient evidence to establish public health policy by this approach and concerns have been raised about potential detrimental effects of high intakes of rapidly fermentable resistant carbohydrates. Functional ingredients such as resistant starch and resistant oligosaccharides should therefore be researched and managed separately from dietary fibre, using specific health or function claims where appropriate. This structured approach to the characterization of nutritionally relevant features of dietary carbohydrates provides the basis for establishing population reference intakes, nutrition claims and food labelling that will assist the consumer with properly informed dietary choices.