Ethical considerations for children's participation in data collection activities during humanitarian emergencies: A Delphi review
Ethical considerations for children's participation in data collection activities during humanitarian emergencies: A Delphi review
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DOI：
10.1186/s13031-017-0108-y
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发表时间：
2017-03-27
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Stark, Lindsay
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bennouna, Cyril;Mansourian, Hani;Stark, Lindsay
背景：儿童在紧急情况下参与数据收集的权利已得到人道主义行为体的广泛认可。然而，参与这些活动可能会使儿童面临风险。人们注意到参与权与其他原则之间存在紧张关系，比如“不伤害”的必要性。由于几乎没有证据可以为解决这种紧张关系提供指导，我们的研究试图就儿童是否以及如何参与与紧急情况有关的数据收集活动确定专家共识。方法：我们采用三轮德尔菲技术与52名儿童保护专家有目的的样本。在第一轮中，受访者回答了两个开放式问题。对回答的专题分析产生了一组针对研究问题的独特陈述。在第二轮调查中，受访者以五分制对每个陈述进行打分。在最后一轮中，受访者回顾了每个陈述的平均评分，并可以选择修改自己的评分。当至少有90%的受访者同意或强烈同意某项声明时，就称该声明达成了明确的共识。结果：专题分析共产生124条陈述和14个主题，其中46.0%的陈述在第三轮中达成明确共识。答复者强烈支持儿童在人道主义背景下参与数据收集的权利，同时也认识到在某些情况下保护儿童免受伤害可能“超越”参与原则。答复者认为能力和背景因素是影响参与决策的重要因素，尽管他们有时不同意这些因素应如何决定参与。答复者还考虑了儿童个体因素的作用和照顾者在选择儿童参与者方面的存在，并提出了确保儿童安全和有意义参与的最佳实践方法。结论：几乎一半的声明达成了明确的共识，这些发现反映了该部门在让儿童参与紧急情况下的数据收集方面的广泛共识。与此同时，围绕如何将不同风险因素纳入儿童参与决策的持续争论可能表明不一致的做法。需要进一步思考紧急情况的阶段、基本服务的存在和文化信仰等因素应如何影响儿童是否参与以及如何参与。
Background: Children's right to participate in data collection during emergencies has been widely recognized by humanitarian actors. However, participation in such activities can expose children to risk. Tensions have been noted between the right to participate and other principles, such as the imperative to 'do no harm.' With little evidence to inform guidance on addressing this tension, our study sought to identify expert consensus on whether and how children participate in emergency-related data collection activities.Methods: We employed a three-round Delphi technique with a purposive sample of 52 child protection specialists. Respondents answered two open-ended questions in round one. A thematic analysis of responses generated a set of unique statements addressing the study questions. In the second round, respondents rated each statement on a five-point scale. In the final round, respondents reviewed the group's average ratings for each statement with the option to revise their own ratings. A statement was said to have reached clear consensus when at least 90% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the statement.Results: A total of 124 statements and 14 themes emerged from the thematic analysis, with 46.0% of statements reaching clear consensus in the third round. Respondents strongly supported children's right to participate in data collection in humanitarian settings, while also recognizing that protecting children from harm may "over-ride" the participation principle in some contexts. Respondents identified capacity and contextual considerations as important factors influencing participation decisions, though they sometimes disagreed about how these factors should determine participation. Respondents also considered the role of individual child factors and the presence of caregivers in selecting child participants, and proposed best practice approaches for securing children's safe and meaningful participation.Conclusions: With almost half of statements reaching clear consensus, these findings reflect broad agreement within the sector about engaging children in data collection in emergencies. At the same time, points of ongoing debate around how to factor different risks into child participation decisions may indicate discordant practice. Further reflection is needed around how factors such as the phase of emergency, the existence of basic services, and cultural beliefs should influence whether and how children participate.