Case Studies in War-to-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of EX-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia and Uganda
Case Studies in War-to-Peace Transition: The Demobilization and Reintegration of EX-Combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia and Uganda
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战争向和平过渡的案例研究：埃塞俄比亚、纳米比亚和乌干达前战斗人员的复员和重返社会
DOI：
10.1596/0-8213-3674-6
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Nat J. Colletta
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nat J. Colletta
成功的前战斗人员复员和重返社会方案是从战争向和平有效过渡的关键。在签署和平雅阁之后迈出的这第一步的成功标志着有组织冲突的结束，从而为受战争影响的人民提供了必要的安全，使他们能够重新投入自己的生活和国家。在和平时期开展的减贫方案使政府能够调整其公共开支，使之有利于扶贫方案，并巩固和平努力。复员援助和重返社会并不是独立于复员的两个不同阶段。相反，它们是从军事生活过渡到平民生活的无缝网络的一部分，没有明确的开始或结束。随着复员援助和重返社会工作的开展，前战斗人员的需求发生了变化，需要开展不同的支助活动。为了重建社区的社会结构，并为重建信任建立必要的谅解，民族和解措施应成为复员方案的组成部分。一个成功的DRP需要几个综合行动：（a）根据需要、技能水平和所希望的生活方式对前战斗人员进行分类，（B）提供基本的过渡援助一揽子计划（c）找到一种简单地提供援助的方法，尽量减少过渡费用，同时尽量增加前战斗人员的利益，（d）提高社区的认识，利用现有的社会资本，（e）集中协调，但将执行权力下放到各区，（f）通过调整和重组现有的组合，将复员方案与正在进行的发展努力联系起来。
A successful demobilization and reintegration program (DRP) for ex-combatants is the key to an effective transition from war to peace. The success of this first step following the signing of a peace accord signals the end to organized conflict and thereby provides the security necessary for people affected by war to reinvest in their lives and their country. Undertaken in a peacetime context, a DRP enables a government to restructure its public expenditure in favor of poverty-oriented programs and to consolidate peace efforts. Reinsertion and reintegration are not distinct phases independent of demobilization. Rather, they are part of a seamless web in the transition from military to civilian life, without a clear beginning or end. As reinsertion and reintegration proceed, the needs of ex-combatants change and call for different support activities. To rebuild community social fabric and engender the understanding necessary to rebuild trust, measures of national reconciliation should form part and parcel of a DRP. A successful DRP requires several integrated actions: (a) classifying ex-combatants according to need, skill level, and their desired mode of subsistence, (b) offering a basic transitional assistance package (safety net), (c) finding a way to deliver assistance simply, minimizing transition costs while maximizing benefits to ex-combatants, (d) sensitizing communities and building on existing social capital, (e) coordinating centrally yet decentralizing implementation authority to districts, and (f) connecting the DRP to ongoing development efforts by retargeting and restructuring existing portfolios.