A half-century of global phosphorus flows, stocks, production, consumption, recycling, and environmental impacts
A half-century of global phosphorus flows, stocks, production, consumption, recycling, and environmental impacts
复制标题
半个世纪的全球磷流动、库存、生产、消费、回收和环境影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.12.005
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发表时间：
2016-01-01
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Graedel, T. E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chen, Minpeng;Graedel, T. E.
在过去几年中，对全球磷循环的许多当代方面进行了评估，但尚未提供一个全面的长期情况。在这项工作中，我们生成了1961年至2013年人类和动物使用的动态磷库存和流量的详细定量图。在这半个世纪中，总磷消费量增加了五倍，达到3100万公吨（31 Tg）。然而，从提取到最终消费的损失和转移导致只有约22%的提取的磷实际上作为人类食物消费。农业实践也发生了变化，农场废弃物变成了人造肥料，成为磷的主要来源。2013年，洗涤剂和金属涂层等非食品用途的磷使用量是1961年的五倍左右，尽管目前它们仅占所有磷使用量的四分之一左右。1961年流入水中的废磷主要来自农业作业，现在已经被磷矿石开采的损失所取代。总体而言，磷循环显示出效率低下和损失的历史，但也有许多改进的机会，可能导致未来更可持续的情况。(C)2016爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有
Many contemporary aspects of the global phosphorus cycle have been evaluated over the last several years, but a comprehensive picture over time has not yet been provided. In this work, we generate a detailed quantitative picture of dynamic phosphorus stocks and flows, for both human and animal uses, from 1961 to 2013. During that half-century, total phosphorus consumption has increased fivefold, to 31 million metric tons (31 Tg). However, losses and diversions from extraction to final consumption result in only about 22% of the extracted phosphorus being actually consumed as human food. Agricultural practices have changed as well, with on-farm wastes yielding to manufactured fertilizers as the primary source of phosphorus. Non-food uses such as detergents and metal coatings were about five times larger in 2013 than in 1961, though they currently account for only about a quarter of all phosphorus use. Waste phosphorus flows to water, dominated by agricultural operations in 1961, have now been overtaken by loss from phosphate rock mining. Overall, the phosphorus cycle shows a history of inefficiency and loss, but also many opportunities for improvements that could lead to a much more sustainable situation going forward. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.