Spatial distributions of male and female strawberry poison frogs and their relation to female reproductive resources
Spatial distributions of male and female strawberry poison frogs and their relation to female reproductive resources
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草莓毒蛙雌雄空间分布及其与雌性生殖资源的关系
作者：
H. Pröhl;Olaf Berke
在许多具有资源交配系统的物种中，雄性保护资源以增加对雌性的吸引力。在草莓毒蛙，Dendrobates pumilio，合适的蝌蚪饲养场所似乎是一个有限的资源，女性。领地男性已被建议捍卫蝌蚪饲养场所，以增加他们获得女性。在这项研究中，我们探讨了蝌蚪饲养地点和性别之间的空间关联，以及男性和女性的空间关联。如果草莓毒蛙有资源防御一夫多妻制，我们预计男性和女性都与蝌蚪饲养网站和女性将存款他们的后代在蝌蚪饲养网站内的领土，他们的队友。为了验证这一假设，家庭范围和核心区域的大小计算两性和协会模式进行了比较，在两个地区，不同的丰富的蝌蚪饲养场所。雌性动物的活动范围和核心区域远大于雄性动物。雌蛙在蝌蚪饲养地附近呈聚集分布。男性没有丛生，并与蝌蚪饲养网站。女性一般不使用蝌蚪饲养场所在其配偶的领土，因此，我们得出结论，男性没有捍卫蝌蚪饲养场所的女性。我们的数据是一致的一般假设，女性分布的影响，资源分布和男性分布取决于女性分布。但D. pumilio雌性也受到雄性间距模式的影响。男性可能最初建立自己的核心领域，女性密度高，然后女性之间的领土样本男性移动。男性竞争激烈的地方与高密度的女性，国防可能是重要的，以提高他们的交配成功。在一般情况下，种群之间的间距模式没有差异，但性别比强烈女性偏见的栖息地与更多的蝌蚪饲养场所，反映了直接依赖这些资源的女性。
In many species with a resource-based mating system, males defend resources to increase their attractiveness to females. In the strawberry poison frog, Dendrobates pumilio, suitable tadpole-rearing sites appear to be a limited resource for females. Territorial males have been suggested to defend tadpole-rearing sites to increase their access to females. In this study we investigate the spatial association between tadpole-rearing sites and the sexes as well as the spatial association of males and females. If strawberry poison frogs have resource defense polygyny, we expect males and females to be associated with tadpole-rearing sites and that females will deposit their offspring in tadpole-rearing sites inside the territories of their mates. To test this hypothesis, home range and core area sizes were calculated for both sexes and the association patterns were compared in two areas that differed in their abundance of tadpole-rearing sites. Home ranges and core areas of females were much larger than male home ranges. Females showed a clumped distribution in the vicinity of tadpole-rearing sites. Males were not clumped and were less associated with tadpole-rearing sites. Females generally did not use tadpole-rearing sites in the territory of their mates and we therefore conclude that males did not defend tadpole-rearing sites for females. Our data are consistent with the general assumption that female distribution is influenced by resource distribution and that male distribution depends on female distribution. Nevertheless, the distribution of D. pumilio females was also influenced by male spacing patterns. Males probably initially establish their core areas where female density is high and then females move among territories to sample males. Males compete vigorously for places with high female density, the defense of which is likely important for enhancing their mating success. In general, the spacing patterns did not differ between populations but the sex ratio was strongly female biased in the habitat with more tadpole-rearing sites, reflecting the direct reliance of females on these resources.