Comprehension of the Referential Intent of Looking and Pointing Between 12 and 15 Months
Comprehension of the Referential Intent of Looking and Pointing Between 12 and 15 Months
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DOI：
10.1207/s15327647jcd3
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发表时间：
2002-01-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Butler, Samantha C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Caron, Albert J.;Kiel, Elizabeth J.;Butler, Samantha C.
Butler，Caron，&布鲁克斯（2000）在3种条件下测试了14个月和18个月大的婴儿的注视跟踪：（1）当成年人对目标的视线被障碍物阻挡时，（2）当障碍物包含打开的窗户时，（3）没有障碍物。相反，一个nonmentalist的“生态”模型（成人轮流作为线索的有趣的事件的位置），频率的凝视以下的14个月大的孩子是不相等的3个条件。与精神论者的模型（婴儿想看到成人正在看的东西）相反，在有屏障的情况下，注视跟随并不比在有窗户和无屏障的情况下少（18个月大的婴儿就是这种情况）。为了检验障碍是否对基本上非心灵主义者造成矢量投影问题，或者对基本上心灵主义者的年幼婴儿造成视线问题，进行了3个实验。在实验1中，一个12个月的小组在同样的3种条件下进行测试，以确定是否，年轻，他们可能会产生一个更明确的非精神主义模式。实际上，他们的行为就像巴特勒等人。14个月大的婴儿在实验2中，一个14个月的组在障碍和窗口条件下进行测试，但现在结合指向和转向。婴儿的行为正如精神论者模型所预测的那样：在窗户条件下反应强烈，在屏障条件下反应最小（许多人都紧张地看着隔板内部）。在实验3中，试图区分心灵和“几何”（矢量投影）的解释实验2的结果，通过测试另一个14个月的组与成人的眼睛闭着，而指向。现在，在窗户条件下，注视跟随的能力急剧下降，就像在固体屏障内看一样，这表明：（1）实验2中的婴儿并不是简单地被伸出的手臂引导到目标，而是将其理解为一种参照行为的一部分，这种参照行为与手势一样具有视觉性;（2）到了14个月大的时候，婴儿可能已经获得了一种关于看的精神概念。
Butler, Caron, & Brooks (2000) tested the gaze following of 14-and 18-month-olds under 3 conditions: (1) when the adult's view of the targets was blocked by barriers, (2) when the barriers contained open windows, and (3) no barriers. Contrary to a nonmentalist "ecological" model (adult turns serve as cues to the location of interesting events), frequency of gaze following by 14-month-olds was not equivalent across the 3 conditions. Contrary to a mentalist model (infant wants to see what the adult is seeing), gaze following was not substantially less in the barrier than in the window and no-barrier conditions (as was the case for 18-month-olds). To examine whether the barriers posed vector projection problems for essentially nonmentalist, or line-of-sight problems for essentially mentalist younger infants, 3 experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, a 12-month group was tested in the same 3 conditions to determine if, being younger, they might yield a more clearcut nonmentalist pattern. Contrarily, they behaved like Butler et al.'s 14-month-olds. In Experiment 2, a 14-month group was tested in the barrier and window conditions, but now combining pointing with turning. Infants behaved as predicted by the mentalist model: strong responding in the window condition and minimal in the barrier (where many strained to look inside the partitions). In Experiment 3, an attempt was made to differentiate between mentalist and "geometric" (vector projection) interpretations of the results of Experiment 2 by testing another 14-month group with the adult's eyes closed while pointing. Gaze following now dropped precipitously in the window condition as did looking inside the solid barriers, indicating (1) that infants in Experiment 2 had not simply been guided to target by an extended arm, but construed it as part of a referential act that was as much visual as gestural, and (2) that by 14 months, infants may have acquired a mentalistic concept of seeing.