A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders
A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0096144
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发表时间：
2014-05-06
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Brinkman, Willem-Paul
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ling, Yun;Nefs, Harold T.;Brinkman, Willem-Paul
在焦虑症的虚拟现实暴露疗法（VRET）中，虚拟环境中的存在感被认为是使焦虑能够被感受到的主要机制。现有的研究存在感和焦虑水平之间的关系，然而，已经取得了混合的结果两者之间的相关性。在这项荟萃分析中，我们回顾了关于VRET治疗焦虑的出版物，包括自我报告的存在和焦虑。文献的全面检索识别出33篇出版物，共1196例受试者。自我报告的存在感和焦虑之间的相关性提取和荟萃分析。还检查了潜在的调节因素，如技术特征、样本特征（包括年龄、性别和临床状态）、疾病特征和研究设计特征（如测量）。随机效应分析显示存在感与焦虑之间的相关性为中等效应量（r = 0.28; 95%CI：0.18-0.38）。适度分析显示，不同焦虑症之间相关性的效应量不同，对动物恐惧的效应量较大（r = 0.50; 95%CI：0.30-0.66），而社交焦虑症的效应量较小（r = 0.001; 95%CI：20.19-0.19）。此外，在符合焦虑障碍标准的参与者的研究中，焦虑和存在之间的相关性比非临床人群的研究更强。与具有三个自由度的跟踪器和具有较小视场的显示器相比，具有六个自由度的跟踪器和具有较大视场的显示器导致更高的效应大小。此外，没有发现存在测量类型和焦虑测量类型的效应量差异。元分析证实了存在感和焦虑之间的正相关关系，并表明这种关系可以受到各种调节因素的影响。
In virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders, sense of presence in the virtual environment is considered the principal mechanism that enables anxiety to be felt. Existing studies on the relation between sense of presence and level of anxiety, however, have yielded mixed results on the correlation between the two. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed publications on VRET for anxiety that included self-reported presence and anxiety. The comprehensive search of the literature identified 33 publications with a total of 1196 participants. The correlation between self-reported sense of presence and anxiety was extracted and meta-analyzed. Potential moderators such as technology characteristics, sample characteristics including age, gender and clinical status, disorder characteristics and study design characteristics such as measurements were also examined. The random effects analysis showed a medium effect size for the correlation between sense of presence and anxiety (r = .28; 95% CI: 0.18-0.38). Moderation analyses revealed that the effect size of the correlation differed across different anxiety disorders, with a large effect size for fear of animals (r = .50; 95% CI: 0.30-0.66) and a no to small effect size for social anxiety disorder (r = .001; 95% CI: 20.19-0.19). Further, the correlation between anxiety and presence was stronger in studies with participants who met criteria for an anxiety disorder than in studies with a non-clinical population. Trackers with six degrees of freedom and displays with a larger field of view resulted in higher effect sizes, compared to trackers with three degrees of freedom and displays with a smaller field of view. In addition, no difference in effect size was found for the type of presence measurement and the type of anxiety measurement. This meta-analysis confirms the positive relation between sense of presence and anxiety and demonstrates that this relation can be affected by various moderating factors.