Job Accessibility as a Performance Indicator: An Analysis of Trends and Their Social Policy Implications in the San Francisco Bay Area
Job Accessibility as a Performance Indicator: An Analysis of Trends and Their Social Policy Implications in the San Francisco Bay Area
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工作可及性作为绩效指标：旧金山湾区趋势及其社会政策影响分析
DOI：
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发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Bruce Appleyard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Cervero;T. Rood;Bruce Appleyard
工作可及性的变化在一定程度上反映了土地使用和交通决策在多大程度上有助于节省通勤费用和促进社会平等目标。本文主张积极使用可达性指标作为长期交通规划过程的一部分。作为一个案例，追踪了旧金山湾区和S地区22个最大的就业中心在1980年至1990年期间工作可及性指数的变化，计算了100个居民区和22个最大的就业中心。这些指数是根据职业匹配指标改进的，该指标衡量了居民™就业角色和工作场所劳动力职业特征之间的一致性。分析显示，外围地区往往是最不容易找到工作的地区。此外，如果考虑到职业匹配，高技能专业工人所在的就业中心通常是最容易到达的。这被解读为反映了高端就业中心及其周围存在更强劲和更具响应性的房地产市场。我们的分析还显示，低收入、市中心社区的居民通常面临最大的职业错配。然而，通过路径分析发现，种族歧视是就业的一个比就业机会更严重的障碍。我们的结论是，跟踪无障碍的变化的真正目的是提供反馈，说明城市交通领域的资源分配决策在多大程度上有助于解决在获得工作、医疗设施和其他重要目的地方面的严重不平等。
Shifts in job accessibility reflect, in part, the degree to which land use and transportation decisions are helping to economize on commuting and promote social equality objectives. This paper argues for the aggressive use of accessibility indicators as part of the long-range transportation planning process. As a case example, changes in job accessibility indices are traced for the San Francisco Bay Area from 1980 to 1990, computed for 100 residential areas and the region’s 22 largest employment centers. The indices were refined based on occupational match indicators that weighed the consistency between residents’ employment roles and labor force occupational characteristics at workplaces. The analysis revealed that peripheral areas tended to be the least job accessible. Moreover, employment centers that are home to highly skilled professional workers were generally the most accessible when occupational matching is accounted for. This was interpreted to reflect the existence of a more robust and responsive housing market in and around higher end employment centers. Our analyses also revealed that residents of low income, inner-city neighborhoods generally faced the greatest occupational mismatches. Through a path analysis, racial discrimination was found to be a more serious obstacle to employment than job accessibility, however. We conclude that the very purpose of tracking change sin accessibility is to provide feedback on the degree to which resource allocation decisions in the urban transportation field are helping to redress serious inequities in accessibility to jobs, medical facilities, and other important destinations.