Nutrition and exercise introduction and overview.
Nutrition and exercise introduction and overview.
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营养和运动介绍和概述。
DOI：
10.1093/jn/122.suppl_3.758
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
V. N. Singh
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Packer;V. N. Singh
对身体健康的关注提高了人们对与运动生理学和生物化学有关的营养学的兴趣。400名与会者参加了这次专题讨论会，会上提出了七项意见，这就是证明。研讨会由Vishwa Singh博士主持开幕，他概述了营养和运动。在他的概述中，辛格博士提请注意运动中发生的氧化损伤的作用，这也有助于某些慢性疾病的病因老化。越来越多的证据表明运动有害健康。在运动后的骨骼肌中观察到稳定的自由基积累，也有报道称维生素E缺乏会加剧骨骼肌酶渗漏到血液中。在运动过程中，谷胱甘肽的氧化显示了血液抗氧化剂的氧化还原状态的变化;这不仅在人体血液中观察到，而且在动物组织中也观察到。有证据表明，一些组织在运动后遭受缺血-再灌注型损伤;即，那些在运动期间循环减少的组织在运动停止后立即经历再氧合爆发。Singh博士指出，有一些证据表明，抗氧化营养素（维生素C、维生素E和β-胡萝卜素）可以最大限度地减少运动中的氧化损伤。此外，营养和运动似乎在预防/管理某些慢性疾病（即，高血压、冠心病、癌症和骨质疏松症）。因此，辛格博士建议，适当的营养，特别是足够的抗氧化营养素的摄入，应成为定期运动方案的一个组成部分，以预防疾病和促进最佳健康。Lester Packer博士和他的同事在人类和动物研究中研究了抗氧化剂在最大限度地减少氧化损伤方面的重要性。在中等训练的人中，发现反复进行轻度运动并不增加氧化修饰的RNA碱基8-羟基鸟苷的尿排出量，补充维生素E、C和β-胡萝卜素也不影响其排泄。由于补充，抗氧化剂的血浆浓度显著增加。这项研究表明，运动诱导血浆维生素C浓度的增加。还原形式的维生素C的百分比也会增加。由于在运动过程中血液中谷胱甘肽发生大量氧化，因此有人建议，谷胱甘肽的一些还原当量可用于增加血浆中还原型维生素C的比例。在另一项对训练过的老鼠的研究中，发现这种训练会导致肌肉中氧化修饰蛋白质的加倍，这是通过蛋白质羰基来测量的，随着停止训练，它会恢复到正常水平。肝脏蛋白质羰基含量随训练或停训均无变化。众所周知，饮食（能量）限制导致寿命延长。然而，目前还不清楚运动对长寿是有积极还是消极的影响。运动和食物限制对长寿的影响是由约翰·O·史密斯博士研究的。霍洛西的实验室
Concern with physical fitness has heightened inter est in nutrition in relation to exercise physiology and biochemistry. This was evidenced by 400 participants in this symposium in which seven contributions were presented. The symposium was opened by Dr. Vishwa Singh, who presented an overview on nutrition and exercise. In his overview, Dr. Singh drew attention to the role of oxidative damage that occurs in exercise, which also contributes to the etiology of certain chronic diseases in aging. Evidence has been accumulating to suggest that ex ercise is damaging. Stable free radical accumulation has been observed in skeletal muscles after exercise, and it has also been reported that vitamin E deficiency exacerbates the leakage of skeletal muscle enzymes into the blood. A change in the redox status of blood antioxidants is shown with glutathione oxidation dur ing exercise; this has been observed not only in human blood, but also in animal tissues. There is evidence that some tissues suffer an ischemia-reperfusion type of injury after exercise; i.e., those tissues that have reduced circulation during exercise experience a reoxygenation burst immediately after cessation of exer cise. Dr. Singh pointed out that there is some evidence that antioxidant nutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E and /3-carotene)can minimize the oxidative damage during exercise. Furthermore, nutrition and exercise seem to share their roles in prevention/management of certain chronic diseases (i.e., hypertension, coronary heart disease, cancer and osteoporosis). Thus, Dr. Singh proposed that proper nutrition, particularly adequate intake of antioxidant nutrients, be made an integral part of the regular exercise regimen for prevention of disease and promotion of optimal health. The importance of antioxidants in minimizing in dices of oxidative damage was investigated in both human and animal studies as reported by Dr. Lester Packer and his colleagues. In moderately trained hu mans it was found that repeated sessions of mild ex ercise did not increase urinary output of an oxidatively modified RNA base, 8-hydroxyguanosine, nor did supplementation with vitamins Eand C and /3-carotene have an effect on its excretion. Substantial increases in plasma concentrations of the antioxidants occur as a result of supplementation. This study showed that exercise induces increases in plasma vitamin C con centration. The percentage of the vitamin C in the reduced form also increases. Because a large oxidation of blood glutathione occurred during exercise, it was suggested that some of the reducing equivalents from glutathione might be used to increase the proportion of plasma vitamin C in its reduced form. In another study with endurance-trained rats, it was found that such training causes a doubling in oxida tively modified protein in muscle, as measured by protein carbonyls, which return to normal levels with detraining. No changes in protein carbonyl content of liver with training or detraining were seen. It is known that dietary (energy) restriction results in prolongation of life span. It is still unclear, however, whether exercise has positive or negative effects on longevity. Effects of exercise and food restriction on longevity were investigated by Dr. John O. Holloszy's laboratory.