The transfer of radionuclides to wildlife

The transfer of radionuclides to wildlife
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放射性核素向野生动物的转移

DOI:
10.1007/s00411-010-0325-x
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发表时间:
2010
影响因子:
1.7
通讯作者:
N. Beresford
N. Beresford
中科院分区:
环境科学与生态学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
N. Beresford

文献摘要

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在过去十年中,开发了一些方法来确定电离辐射对非人类生物群(即野生动物)的照射,在某些情况下确定其风险(美国能源部,2002年; Copplestone等人,2001年; Brown等人,2008年)。这些标准的制定是为了响应国家立法和国际建议的变化,这些建议涉及需要证明环境受到保护,不受放射性释放的影响(例如,原子能机构2006年;国际辐射防护委员会2007年),而不是依赖以前以人为中心的方法。在制定这些方法的早期,有人提出,对描述生态系统各组成部分之间放射性转移的变量进行参数化,将大大增加估计剂量率的不确定性(阿维拉等人,2004年)。最近对现有模型的国际评估表明情况确实如此(Vives i Batlle等人,2007年,2010年; Beresford等人,2008年a,2010年a,B; Yankovich等人,2010年a)。造成这种情况的原因有很多,包括缺乏许多放射性核素-生物体组合的经验数据,以及在没有数据的情况下用于推导转移值的理论方法;使用国家数据集;以及为满足特定工具的目的而选择的一些参数值的保守性(Beresford等人,2008年a,2010年a; Yankovich等人,2010年a)。国际原子能机构(原子能机构)认识到有必要改进模型参数化,目前正在编写一本放射性核素转移参数手册,用于类似于人类食物链建模的环境评估(原子能机构,2010年)。为促进这一工作,建立了一个在线数据库,以整理和汇总数据(http://wiki.ceh.ac.uk/x/-QHbBg);国际辐射防护委员会(辐射防护委员会)也将使用该数据库,以帮助进一步制定其环境保护框架(辐射防护委员会,2003年,2008年)。2009年,原子能机构支助举办了三次讲习班,将可能对手册作出贡献的科学家聚集在一起,目的之一是鼓励提供以前未发表的数据。本期《辐射环境生物物理学》中的论文来自这些研讨会上的演讲。为评估野生动物受电离辐射照射而开发的大多数模型使用浓度比来估计全身放射性浓度,从而估计内照射的吸收剂量率,其中浓度比定义为:
Over the last decade, a number of approaches have been developed to determine the exposure of, and in some instances risk to, non-human biota (i.e. wildlife) from ionizing radiation (USDOE 2002; Copplestone et al. 2001; Brown et al. 2008). These have been developed in response to national legislation and changes in international recommendations with regard to the need to demonstrate that the environment is protected from radioactive releases (e.g. IAEA 2006; ICRP 2007) rather than relying on previous, anthropocentric approaches. Early in the process of developing these approaches, it was suggested that the parameterization of the variables that describe the transfer of radioactivity between ecosystem components would contribute significantly to the uncertainty in the estimated dose rate (Avila et al. 2004). Recent international evaluations of the available models have shown this to be the case (Vives i Batlle et al. 2007, 2010; Beresford et al. 2008a, 2010a, b; Yankovich et al. 2010a). There are many reasons for this including lack of empirical data for many radionuclide–organism combinations and the theoretical approaches used to derive transfer values when no data exist; use of national data sets; and the conservative nature of some of the parameter values selected to meet the purpose of specific tools (Beresford et al. 2008a, 2010a; Yankovich et al. 2010a). Recognizing the need to improve the model parameterization, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is in the process of producing a handbook of radionuclide transfer parameters for application in environmental assessments similar to that available for human food chain modelling (IAEA 2010). To facilitate this, an online database has been established to collate and summarize data (http:// wiki.ceh.ac.uk/x/-QHbBg); the database will also be used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to help further develop their framework for environmental protection (ICRP 2003, 2008). In 2009, the IAEA supported three workshops to bring together scientists who may be able to contribute to the handbook, with one aim being to stimulate the provision of previously unpublished data. The papers in this issue of Radiation Environmental Biophysics result from presentations made at these workshops. The majority of models developed to assess the exposure of wildlife to ionizing radiation use concentration ratios (CRs) to estimate whole-body activity concentrations and, consequently, absorbed dose rates for internal exposure, where the concentration ratio is defined as: