Reducing disaster risk to life and livelihoods by evaluating the seismic safety of Kathmandu’s historic urban infrastructure : enabling an interdisciplinary pilot.
Reducing disaster risk to life and livelihoods by evaluating the seismic safety of Kathmandu’s historic urban infrastructure : enabling an interdisciplinary pilot.
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通过评估加德满都历史悠久的城市基础设施的地震安全性来减少生命和生计的灾害风险：启用跨学科试点。
DOI：
10.5871/jba/007s2.045
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Andrew Wilson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Coningham;K. P. Acharya;C. Barclay;R. Barclay;C. E. Davis;C. Graham;P. Hughes;A. Joshi;Libusha Kelly;S. Khanal;A. Kılıç;T. Kinnaird;R. B. Kunwar;A. Kumar;P. Maskey;A. Lafortune;N. Lewer;D. McCaughie;N. Mirnig;Angharad M. Roberts;V. Sarhosis;A. Schmidt;I. Simpson;T. Sparrow;D. Toll;B. Tully;K. Weise;S. Wilkinson;Andrew Wilson
加德满都的中世纪城市和圣地是卓越的建筑和艺术成就，是经过几个世纪的地震适应所支撑的。它们承载着具有有形和无形价值的城市基础设施，并在成千上万人的生活中发挥着重要的凝聚力作用。它们还代表着天堂与大地的门户，个人可以与指导神灵交流。 2015 年廓尔喀地震及其相关余震是一场人类灾难，造成 9,000 人死亡、280 万人流离失所。加德满都的标志性天际线因旅游业产生了尼泊尔 7.6% 的 GDP，地震发生了巨大变化。它摧毁了 500,000 所房屋，并破坏了尼泊尔旅游业及其 400,000 名员工的可持续性。然而，这也是一场文化灾难，损坏了加德满都的 403 座古迹，而这些古迹是山谷历史悠久的城市基础设施的关键组成部分。它们的倒塌导致多人死亡，急救人员拆除了其他建筑物，担心它们也可能掉落并伤害居民和游客。尼泊尔政府承诺提供 25 亿美元的海外发展援助，批准修复加德满都的大部分历史基础设施，但对仙台“重建得更好”框架的解释与保护其联合国教科文组织世界遗产的真实性和无形价值的义务之间仍然存在紧张关系。
加德满都实施的许多降低风险策略是拆除历史建筑并用现代材料重建；而其他纪念碑则采用了金属支撑或混凝土加固。泥浆经常被水泥和石灰取代，尽管由此产生的刚性不一定在抗震方面有利。大多数纪念碑已经或正在重建，但没有研究和分析它们倒塌的原因，而它们的地基在许多情况下保留了连续的实验性改造，提供了可应用于其他结构的实用抗震地基的例子，但在没有记录或研究的情况下就被拆除了。尽管本土系统有着成功的历史，但出于对捐助者责任的担忧，承包商优先考虑现代材料。昂贵的历史砖块被填埋，导致供应链延误并增加了窑炉对环境的影响。居民、工匠、旅游经营者和企业经常被排除在决策之外，但他们及其生计面临的风险仍然存在。在跨学科的南北合作伙伴关系的基础上，我们试点将考古学和地质考古学与 3D 可视化以及岩土工程和结构工程相结合，共同制定和传播一种方法，用于评估、评估和改善加德满都联合国教科文组织世界遗产内历史城市基础设施的地震安全性，减少对生命和生计的直接风险，同时尊重和保护加德满都的真实性和传统。
Kathmandu’s medieval cities and shrines are exceptional architectural and artistic achievements underpinned by centuries of seismic adaptation. They host urban infrastructure of tangible and intangible value and play vital roles of cohesion in the life of thousands of people. They also represent portals where the heavens touch earth and individuals can commune with guiding deities. The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and its related aftershocks were a human disaster, killing 9,000 people and displacing 2.8 million. Generating 7.6% of Nepal’s GDP through tourism, Kathmandu’s iconic skyline was dramatically altered by the earthquake. It destroyed 500,000 homes and undermined the sustainability of Nepal’s tourist industry and its 400,000 employees. However, it was also a cultural catastrophe damaging 403 monuments in Kathmandu, key elements within the Valley’s historic urban infrastructure. Their collapse caused multiple fatalities and first responders demolished others fearing that they might also fall and injure residents and visitors. With Overseas Development Assistance pledges of $2.5 billion US dollars, Nepal’s Government approved the rehabilitation of much of Kathmandu’s historic infrastructure but there is continued tension between interpretations of Sendai’s ‘Build Back Better’ framework and the obligation to preserve the authenticity and intangible values of its UNESCO World Heritage Properties.
Many risk reduction strategies implemented in Kathmandu are demolishing historic buildings and rebuilding them in modern materials; while other monuments have been hybridised with metal bracing or concrete reinforcement. Mud mortars are frequently being replaced by cement and lime, although the resultant inflexibility is not necessarily seismically advantageous. Most monuments have been, or are being, rebuilt without research and analysis of why they collapsed, while their foundations, which in many cases preserve sequential experimental adaptations offering examples of practical seismic-resistant foundations which could be applied to other structures, are being demolished without record or research. With donor liability fears, contractors privilege modern materials, despite successful histories of vernacular systems. Costly historic bricks have been landfilled, causing supply chain delays and increased environmental impact from kilns. Residents, craftspeople and tour operators and businesses have been frequently excluded from decision-making but the risk to them, and their livelihoods, remains. Building on an interdisciplinary north-south partnership, we have piloted the integration of archaeology and geoarchaeology with 3D visualisation and geotechnical and structural engineering to co-produce and disseminate a methodology to assess, evaluate and improve the seismic safety of historic urban infrastructure within Kathmandu's UNESCO World Heritage Properties, reducing direct risk to life and livelihoods, while respecting and preserving Kathmandu’s authenticity and traditions.