Cognitive Therapy: Nature and Relation to Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Therapy: Nature and Relation to Behavior Therapy
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DOI：
10.1016/j.beth.2016.11.003
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发表时间：
2016-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Beck, Aaron T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beck, Aaron T.
最近在行为矫正方面的创新，在很大程度上，围绕着认知过程在症状产生和减轻中的作用。尽管私人经历的自我报告不能被其他观察者证实，但这些内省数据提供了大量可检验的假设。对推断构式的测量与可观察到的行为的重复相关性在预测方向上产生了一致的发现。对自我报告的系统研究表明，一个人的信念体系、期望和假设对他的幸福状态以及他直接可观察到的行为都有很大的影响。运用认知模型，临床医生可以根据病人对他自己和他的有生命和无生命的环境的特殊概念来有效地解释神经质行为。个人的信仰体系可能是非常矛盾的；也就是说，他可能同时相信同一事件或对象的现实和不现实的概念化。这种信念的不一致可以解释，例如，为什么一个人可能会对无害的情况产生恐惧反应，尽管他可能同时承认这种恐惧是不现实的。认知疗法以认知理论为基础，旨在改变个体特殊的、不适应的观念。基本的认知技术包括描述个体特定的误解、扭曲和不适应的假设，并测试它们的有效性和合理性。通过放松对他顽固的、扭曲的观念的控制，病人能够更真实地表述他的经历。临床经验和一些实验研究表明，这种认知重组导致症状缓解。
Recent innovations in behavior modification have, for the most part, detoured around the role of cognitive processes in the production and alleviation of symptomatology. Although self-reports of private experiences are not verifiable by other observers, these introspective data provide a wealth of testable hypotheses. Repeated correlations of measures of inferred constructs with observable behaviors have yielded consistent findings in the predicted direction.Systematic study of self-reports suggests that an individual's belief systems, expectancies, and assumptions exert a strong influence on his state of well-being, as well as on his directly observable behavior. Applying a cognitive model, the clinician may usefully construe neurotic behavior in terms of the patient's idiosyncratic concepts of himself and of his animate and inanimate environment. The individual's belief systems may be grossly contradictory; i.e., he may simultaneously attach credence to both realistic and unrealistic conceptualizations of the same event or object. This inconsistency in beliefs may explain, for example, why an individual may react with fear to an innocuous situation even though he may concomitantly acknowledge that this fear is unrealistic. Cognitive therapy, based on cognitive theory, is designed to modify the individual's idiosyncratic, maladaptive ideation. The basic cognitive technique consists of delineating the individual's specific misconceptions, distortions, and maladaptive assumptions, and of testing their validity and reasonableness. By loosening the grip of his perseverative, distorted ideation, the patient is enabled to formulate his experiences more realistically. Clinical experience, as well as some experimental studies, indicate that such cognitive restructuring leads to symptom relief.