The Past, the Present and Some Possible Futures of Adaptation
The Past, the Present and Some Possible Futures of Adaptation
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适应的过去、现在和一些可能的未来
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511596667.010
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Ben Orlove
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ben Orlove
在关注气候变化的人们的谈话中，适应是一个熟悉的词。他们将其用于适应气候变化及其影响的过程。它描述了为减少或消除危害而必须采取的行动，一旦认识到任何缓解计划都无法迅速停止全球变暖，这些行动的必要性是毋庸置疑的。本章呼吁对这个词的这些用法进行一些反思。虽然它承认应对气候变化的紧迫性，但它质疑适应一词的自然性-它被视为气候变化政策中的一个关键要素-并认为该词有一些局限性。本章认为，“气候变化”一词并不总是能反映气候变化的全部影响，也不总是能准确地反映受这些影响的人们的看法或他们可以选择的替代办法，本章通过以下几个部分阐述这些保留意见：（1）回顾该词的历史和国际组织使用该词的情况;（2）介绍一个受气候变化影响的当地社区，他们构成了适应建议所针对的人群的一个案例;（3）讨论该当地社区对气候变化的看法;（4）审查了四个组织，它们是国际和地方两级之间的中间组织，都采用了这个词;（5）国际组织、中介组织和当地社会之间关系中的国际法术语运作方式的一系列考虑。这一章被简化为一个单独的句子，如果很长的话，它认为这个词对国际组织和中介组织的服务远远优于最直接感受到影响的当地社区;而不是将对地球变暖的巨大恐惧转化为应对气候变化后果的持续行动，这个词可能会产生自满情绪。
Adaptation is a familiar word in the conversations of people who are concerned about climate change. They use it to the processes of adjusting to climate change and its impacts. It describes the actions that must be taken to reduce or eliminate harm, actions whose necessity is unquestionable once the realization strikes that no mitigation plan will be able to bring global warming to a quick halt. This chapter calls for some reflection on these uses of the word. Though it accepts the urgency of the need to respond to climate change, it questions the naturalness of the term adaptation – the way that it is taken for granted as a key element in climate change policy – and it finds some limits to the term. This chapter suggests that the word does not always capture the full impacts of climate change and that it does not always represent accurately either the perceptions of the people affected by these impacts or the range of alternatives open to them.This chapter develops these reservations through several sections: (1) a review of the history of the term and its use by international organizations; (2) a presentation of a local community affected by climate change, who constitute one case of the people for whom adaptations are proposed; (3) a discussion of the perceptions of climate change by this local community; (4) a review of four organizations that serve as intermediates between the international and local levels, and that have all adopted the word; and (5) a set of considerations on the way that the term operates in the relations among the international organizations, the intermediary organizations and the local community. Reduced to a single, if long, sentence, this chapter argues that the term serves the international and intermediary organizations far better than the local communities who feel the impacts most directly; rather than transforming the great fear of a hotter planet into sustained action to address the consequences of climate change , the term can create a sense of complacency.