Instructions control whether nicotine will serve as a reinforcer.
Instructions control whether nicotine will serve as a reinforcer.
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说明书控制尼古丁是否充当强化剂。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
R. Keenan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Hughes;R. Pickens;W. Spring;R. Keenan
三项研究检查了戒烟前2周内同时使用尼古丁（2 mg）和安慰剂口香糖的戒烟者的尼古丁自我给药情况。在研究1中，受试者被告知他们将接受尼古丁或安慰剂口香糖。有了这个指导性的设置，尼古丁充当了一个替代品;即，受试者始终自我施用尼古丁而不是安慰剂口香糖。然而，受试者可以根据副作用来区分口香糖;因此，尼古丁作为一种兴奋剂的能力可能不是由于其精神作用，而是因为受试者认为副作用更大的口香糖是活性口香糖。在研究2中，我们试图通过告诉受试者他们将接受市售尼古丁口香糖或与市售口香糖一样有效但副作用较少的新尼古丁口香糖来改变这种信念（即，安慰剂）。在研究3中，我们试图通过告诉受试者安慰剂口香糖比尼古丁口香糖有更多的副作用来改变这种信念。有了这两个指令集，尼古丁的刺激特性并不起促进作用;即，受试者自我施用等量的尼古丁和安慰剂口香糖。据我们所知，这是第一次证明说明书可以控制一种药物是否会起药物作用。
Three studies examined self-administration of nicotine among exsmokers given concurrent access to nicotine (2 mg) and placebo gums during the first 2 weeks of abstinence from smoking. In Study 1 subjects were told they would receive either nicotine or placebo gum. With this instructional set, nicotine served as a reinforcer; i.e., subjects consistently self-administered nicotine but not placebo gum. However, subjects could discriminate gums on the basis of side-effects; thus, the ability of nicotine to serve as a reinforcer may have been due, not to its psychoactive effects, but rather because subjects believed the gum with more side-effects to be the active gum. In Study 2 we attempted to change this belief by telling subjects they would receive either the marketed nicotine gum or a new nicotine gum that is as effective as the marketed gum but has less side-effects (i.e., placebo). In Study 3 we attempted to change the belief by telling subjects that placebo gum had more side-effects than nicotine gum. With these two instructional sets, the stimulus properties of nicotine did not serve as reinforcer; i.e., subjects self-administered equal amounts of nicotine and placebo gums. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that instructions can control whether a drug will serve as a reinforcer.