Variations in Susceptibility of Citrus-Infesting Coccids to Parasitization
Variations in Susceptibility of Citrus-Infesting Coccids to Parasitization
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侵染柑橘的球虫对寄生的敏感性变化
DOI：
10.1093/jee/46.2.266
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发表时间：
1953
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Flanders
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Flanders
加州柑橘的几乎所有最重要的害虫都是不产于该州的球虫，并且已经大规模地尝试了生物防治。在过去的50年里，已经引入了许多Hyacrous寄生虫来对抗它们，并且CoccushesperidumL.，Saissetia nigra（Nietn.）和Pseudococcus gahani[Pseudococcus calceolariae]绿色的商业控制现在是由黄花干骺端菌（Metaphycus luteolus（Timb.）白腐霉M.helvolus（Comp.）和Tetracnemus pretiosus Timb.，分别在整个加州，和Icerya购买面具。Planococcus（Pseudococcus）citri（Risso），Adonidum（L.），桔色Aonidiella citrina（Coq.），A. aumntii（面具）和S. oleae（伯尔尼.）由Cryptodictum iceryae（Will.），Leptomastidea abnormis（Gir.），悉尼长脚鹬，双带孔菌，黄毛蚜Apytis chrysomphali（Merc.）1924 ~ 1952年大量引进的寄生蜂Hyrnenoptera在不同种类的蚧和粉蚧上的饲养表明，蚧科昆虫对不同种类的寄生蜂的敏感性差异很大。在任何特定环境中，寄生虫和球虫可能处于平衡状态，尽管这可能不会导致商业控制，但如果宿主通常不刺激寄生虫产卵，则寄生可能只是偶尔发生，如果宿主刺激最大产卵但导致寄生虫未成熟阶段的高死亡率，则生理上不完整，或者如果寄生虫在两者都存在的所有栖息地中不攻击高度合适的宿主，则在生态上是不完整的。文中列举了Aonidietta aurantii的不完全寄生和其他蚧虫和粉蚧的生态不完全寄生的三种类型。
Almost all the most important insect pests ofCitrusin California are Coccids not native to the State, and biological control has been attempted on a large scale. Numerous Hymenopterous parasites have been introduced against them in the last 50 years, and CoccushesperidumL.,Saissetia nigra(Nietn.) andPseudococcus gahani[Pseudococcus calceolariae]Green are now commercially controlled byMetaphycus luteolus(Timb.), M.helvolus(Comp.) andTetracnemus pretiosusTimb., respectively, throughout California, andIcerya purchasiMask.,Planococcus (Pseudococcus) citri(Risso),Pseudococcus adonidum(L.),Aonidiella citrina(Coq.),A. aumntii(Mask.) andS. oleae(Bern.) byCryptodictum iceryae(Will.),Leptomastidea abnormis(Gir.),Anarhopus sydneyensisTimb.,Comperiella bifasciataHow.,Aphytis chrysomphali(Merc.) and M.helvolus, respectively, in certain areas.The rearing of numerous introduced parasitic Hyrnenoptera on various species of scales and mealybugs in 1924-52 indicated that Coceids vary greatly in susceptibility to different species of parasites. In any particular environment, parasites and Coccids may be in equilibrium, although this may not result in commercial control, but parasitism may be only occasional if the host does not usually stimulate oviposition by the parasite, physiologically incomplete if the host stimulates maximum oviposition but causea a high mortality of the immature stages of the parasite, or ecologically incomplete if the parasite does not attack a highly suitable host in all the habitats in which both are present. Examples are given of species exhibiting the three types of incomplete parasitism ofAonidietta aurantiiand of ecologically incomplete parasitism of other scales and mealybugs.