Early metal use and crematory practices in the American Southeast
Early metal use and crematory practices in the American Southeast
复制标题
美国东南部的早期金属使用和火葬实践
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
D. Thomas
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Matthew C. Sanger;M. Hill;Gregory D. Lattanzi;Brian D. Padgett;C. Larsen;B. Culleton;D. Kennett;L. Dussubieux;Matthew F. Napolitano;S. Lacombe;D. Thomas
一个古代晚期（约公元前4100-3980年）的铜制品的化学来源揭示了连接美国东南部沿海和五大湖的广泛贸易网络。与至少七具火化的遗骸一起被发现的铜器，位于一个圆形贝壳堆界定的广场的正中心，表明了远距离网络的存在，这种网络既传播了物品，也传播了殡葬活动。与假设沿海狩猎-采集-渔民通常生活在小而简单的社会中的模型相反，我们提出，铜的交易和利用是古代出现的等级制社会组织的证据，也是在大规模集会和仪式活动中获得和展示权力的可能性。古代时期（约公元前8000-3000 cal B.P.）铜器的远距离交换是东部林地出现的社会复杂性的先兆。古代铜起源于五大湖、加拿大沿海地区和阿巴拉契亚山脉，南至田纳西州和路易斯安那州主要贸易中心的孤立地区都发现了大量的铜，但美国东南部大部分地区都没有。在这里，我们报告发现了一个铜带，在位于佐治亚州沿海的一个晚期古代贝壳环的正中心，发现了至少七个人的火化遗骸。古代晚期的贝壳环被认为是在大型仪式聚会和宴会活动中建造的巨大的圆形贝壳。这些奇特的铜和火化的遗骸在南卡罗来纳州和佐治亚州的沿海地区是独一无二的，那里明显没有古代火化，也没有其他古代铜物体的报道。通过激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱产生的元素数据显示，铜起源于五大湖，有效地将古代铜交换扩展到传统边界之外近1000公里。太平间习俗的相似之处和源自五大湖的铜的存在，揭示了跨越美国东部大部分地区的长距离交换关系的存在，并表明壳环地区的社会复杂性出乎意料。这些发现与一种假设是一致的，即在古代，精英演员通过仪式集会和远距离交换外来物品来巩固他们的地位。
Significance Chemical sourcing of a Late Archaic (ca. 4100–3980 cal B.P.) copper artifact reveals extensive trade networks linking the coastal southeastern United States with the Great Lakes. Found alongside the cremated remains of at least seven individuals and in the direct center of a plaza defined by a circular shell midden, the copper artifact demonstrates the existence of long-distance networks that transmitted both objects and mortuary practices. In contrast with models that assume coastal hunter-gatherer-fishers typically lived in small, simple societies, we propose that trading for and utilizing copper is evidence of emergent hierarchical social organization during the Archaic and the likelihood that power was gained and displayed during large-scale gatherings and ceremonial events. Long-distance exchange of copper objects during the Archaic Period (ca. 8000–3000 cal B.P.) is a bellwether of emergent social complexity in the Eastern Woodlands. Originating from the Great Lakes, the Canadian Maritimes, and the Appalachian Mountains, Archaic-age copper is found in significant amounts as far south as Tennessee and in isolated pockets at major trade centers in Louisiana but is absent from most of the southeastern United States. Here we report the discovery of a copper band found with the cremated remains of at least seven individuals buried in the direct center of a Late Archaic shell ring located in coastal Georgia. Late Archaic shell rings are massive circular middens thought to be constructed, in part, during large-scale ritual gatherings and feasting events. The exotic copper and cremated remains are unique in coastal South Carolina and Georgia where Archaic-age cremations are conspicuously absent and no other Archaic copper objects have been reported. Elemental data produced through laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry shows the copper originated from the Great Lakes, effectively extending Archaic copper exchange almost 1,000 km beyond its traditional boundaries. Similarities in mortuary practices and the presence of copper originating from the Great Lakes reveal the presence of long-distance exchange relations spanning vast portions of the eastern United States and suggest an unexpected level of societal complexity at shell ring localities. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that elite actors solidified their positions through ritual gatherings and the long-distance exchange of exotic objects during the Archaic.