Design of a seepage meter for measuring groundwater fluxes in the nonlittoral zones of lakes-Evaluation in a boreal forest lake
Design of a seepage meter for measuring groundwater fluxes in the nonlittoral zones of lakes-Evaluation in a boreal forest lake
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湖泊非滨海区地下水通量测量渗流仪设计-北方森林湖泊评价
DOI：
10.4319/lo.1994.39.3.0670
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发表时间：
1994
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
D. Boyle
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Boyle
设计了一种用于测量湖泊非滨水区地下水渗流速率的湖底渗流仪，并进行了现场试验。易于安装和操作，采样完整性，以及在冰封湖泊环境中的全年稳定性是设计的主要因素。该仪器的设计包括一个湖底渗透仪，通过一个柔性导管软管连接到湖面以下2米的采样站。该仪表的操作和设计包括以下方法：最大限度地减少和监测仪表沉降，保护仪表部件免受拖网渔民和鱼（渗漏袋）的啃食，目视监测渗漏袋中的通量水平以确定最佳采样时间，以及通过小型船上声纳装置进行轻松检测。从位于复杂的冰川地层的一个小湖的渗透计调查结果表明，该系统是有效的测量非常低的流量率和复杂的流入和流出的湖泊环境中的地下水系统映射。在冰川地区进行的详细的湖泊研究，允许根据地下水和地表水输入的特征和相对贡献，将湖泊分类为图1所示的六种主要类型。尽管可以在此分类中创建子类型，但图1显示了湖泊与周围地下水状况之间可能存在的关系的复杂性。在某些情况下，湖泊不能全年归为一种类型;例如，Jaquet（1976）对蛇湖（威斯康星州）周围地下水状况的研究表明，该湖泊在夏末、秋季和冬季的水文特征与d型（图1）非常相似，但在春季，水流特征更好地表现为B型。我用来评估一个新的渗透计设计的湖（亚历山大湖），从最初的分析来看，被认为是d型或B型。后来详细的渗透仪分析表明它是B型。图2示意性地描绘了冰川环境中湖泊连续体上的两种极端湖沼状况和地下水过程。尽管水文学家普遍认为，进入湖泊系统的大多数地下水是通过沿岸的地带进入的，
A lakebed seepage meter for measuring groundwater seepage rates in the nonlittoral zones of lakes was designed and field tested. Ease of installation and operation, sampling integrity, and year-round stability in ice-bound lake environments were the main factors governing design. The design of the meter incorporates a lake-bottom seepage meter connected by a flexible conduit hose to a sampling station -2 m below lake surface. The operation and design of the meter includes methods for minimizing and monitoring meter settlement, protecting meter components from trawling fishermen and nibbling fish (seepage bags), visually monitoring flux levels in seepage bags to determine optimum time for sampling, and easy detection by a small boat-mounted sonar unit. Results from a seepage meter survey in a small lake situated in complex glacial stratigraphy show that the system is effective in measuring very low flux rates and mapping complex inflow and outflow groundwater regimes in lake environments. Detailed lake studies in glaciated terrains allow classification of lakes, with regard to characteristics and relative contributions of groundwater and surface water inputs, into the six main types shown in Fig. 1. Although subtypes can be created within this classification, Fig. 1 shows the complexity of relationships that can exist between lakes and surrounding groundwater regimes. In some cases, lakes cannot be classed as one type year-round; for example, Jaquet’s (1976) studies of the groundwater regime around Snake Lake (Wisconsin) show that this lake has a hydrology much like type d (Fig. 1) in late summer, fall, and winter, but in spring the flow characteristics are represented better by type b. The lake I use to evaluate a new seepage meter design (Alexander Lake) was, from initial analyses, thought to be type d or type b. Later detailed seepage meter analysis showed it to be type b. Figure 2 schematically depicts two extremes of limnological regimes and groundwater processes on a continuum of lakes in glaciated environments. Although hydrologists generally accept that most groundwater that enters a lake system does so through the littoral zone,