Understanding Adaptation and Diversification: Insights from the Study of Microbial Experimental Evolution.
Understanding Adaptation and Diversification: Insights from the Study of Microbial Experimental Evolution.
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了解适应和多样化：微生物实验进化研究的见解。
DOI：
10.1111/evo.12564
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Koskella B
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Koskella B
书评：Kassen， R. 2014。实验进化与生物多样性的本质。罗伯茨公司出版社，288页，ISBN: 9781936221462；PB 36.00美元。解释生物多样性的产生和维持是进化生物学的中心目标。这就需要将集中于解释种群内多样性的研究整合到生态系统一级的生物多样性组织中。将自然界中的比较研究与实验室中的实验进化相结合也很有价值：前者有助于建立和测试对哪些过程可能驱动生物多样性模式的预测，而后者可以确认这些过程是否能够在缺乏其他生物和非生物因素的情况下做到这一点。最近，以微生物种群为重点的实验进化研究的增加，为与微生物有机体有关的适应和多样化的进化机制以及可能推广到非微生物物种的机制提供了一些关键的见解。在他关于实验进化的新书中，Rees Kassen优雅地探索了早期和当代实验进化研究中对长期存在的适应和生物多样性理论的实证支持。每一章都以一个简短的插图开始，增加了作品的可读性和可访问性。这些故事为每个主题提供了更广泛的背景，从微生物实验进化的黎明开始，扩展到著名的当代系统，如Rich Lenski在大肠杆菌上进行的超过61,000代的实验（Wiser等人，2013），以及更多的应用系统，如人类囊性纤维化患者肺部铜绿假单胞菌的多样化（Smith等人，2006）。卡森的讨论顺利地从种群水平的变异转移到谱系分裂，再到物种形成的速度，以实现他所陈述的将适应的微观进化过程与多样化的宏观进化模式联系起来的目标。Kassen充分利用了在相对简单和可修改的试管环境中测试特定机制和结果的清晰度，以直观和严谨的方式探索了诸如空间和时间环境变化的重要性，进化的可重复性以及可用的生态位空间与多样性之间的关系等想法。每一章都以一组简洁的结论和未来的方向结束，这不仅是对所涵盖主题的有用回顾，而且也有助于组织任何阅读小组或杂志俱乐部讨论这本书。Kassen作品的主要优势在于对理论的高度关注，包括对理论假设是否满足或违反的实证研究之间差异的讨论。这种对理论预测的关注使得对实验结果的解释很容易适用于非微生物有机体，并有必要的注意事项。例如，前几章提供了关于突变适应度效应的全面入门（对比Fisher的几何模型和Gillespie的突变景观模型），作为种群动态函数的新突变的命运，以及在实验进化中如何测量适应度的重要性。后面的章节探讨了多样化的生态理论，并介绍了研究多样化的遗传学和基因组学的理论工作，如PEAD (R)模型的增强，扩展，扩增，分化和生殖隔离。在每种情况下……
Review of: Kassen, R. 2014. Experimental Evolution and the Nature of Biodiversity. Roberts and Company Publishers. 288 p. ISBN: 9781936221462; $36.00 PB. Explaining the generation and maintenance of biodiversity is a central aim of evolutionary biology. This requires the integration of studies focused on explaining within-population diversity through to the organization of biodiversity at the ecosystem level. The combination of comparative studies in nature with those employing experimental evolution in the laboratory is also valuable: the former helps build and test predictions for what processes might be driving patterns of biodiversity, whereas the latter can confirm whether such processes are capable of doing so in the absence of other biotic and abiotic factors. The recent increase in experimental evolution studies focusing on microbial populations has offered a number of key insights into the evolutionary mechanisms of adaptation and diversification relating to microbial organisms specifically, as well as into those mechanisms that are likely to generalize to nonmicrobial species. In his new book on experimental evolution, Rees Kassen elegantly explores the empirical support for long-standing theories on adaptation and biodiversity that comes from both early and contemporary studies of experimental evolution. Each chapter begins with a short vignette that increases the readability and accessibility of the work. These stories provide broader context for each topic, beginning with the dawn of microbial experimental evolution and expanding to well-known contemporary systems such as Rich Lenski’s over 61,000 generation experiment on Escherichia coli (Wiser et al. 2013) and more applied systems such as the diversification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lungs of human cystic fibrosis sufferers (Smith et al. 2006). Kassen’s discussion moves smoothly from population-level variation to lineage splitting to rates of speciation in order to achieve his stated goal of linking the microevolutionary process of adaptation to more macroevolutionary patterns of diversification. Taking full advantage of the clarity with which specific mechanisms and outcomes can be tested in the relatively simple and modifiable environment of a test tube, Kassen explores ideas such as the importance of spatial and temporal environmental variations, the repeatability of evolution, and the relationship between available niche space and diversification in both an intuitive and rigorous fashion. Each chapter concludes with a succinct set of conclusions and future directions that not only act as useful recaps of topics covered, but that would also help structure discussion in any reading group or journal club covering the book.The major strength of Kassen’s work is the keen attention to theory throughout, including discussion of the differences among empirical studies with regard to theoretical assumptions being met or violated. This focus on theoretical predictions allows for an interpretation of experimental results that is easy to apply to nonmicrobial organisms, with the necessary caveats in place. The first few chapters, for example, offer a comprehensive primer on mutational fitness effects (contrasting Fisher’s geometric model with Gillespie’s mutational landscape model), the fate of new mutations as a function of population dynamics, and the importance of how fitness is measured during experimental evolution. Later chapters explore the ecological theory of diversification and introduce theoretical work examining the genetics and genomics of diversification, such as the PEAD (R) model of potentiation, exaptation, amplification, divergence, and reproductive isolation. In each case …
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0602138103
发表时间：
2006-05-30
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Smith, Eric E.;Buckley, Danielle G.;Olson, Maynard V.
通讯作者：
Olson, Maynard V.