Carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: what have we learned?
Carbon taxes and greenhouse gas emissions trading systems: what have we learned?
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DOI：
10.1080/14693062.2018.1492897
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.1
通讯作者：
Haites, Erik
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Haites, Erik
与碳定价-碳税和温室气体排放交易系统-的绩效有关的系统性证据很少。2015年，17个ETS在55个司法管辖区运行，18个司法管辖区征收碳税。本专题部分的文件审查了2005-2015年期间许多文书的业绩。现有碳税和温室气体排放交易系统的绩效可以帮助决策者就是否采用这些工具和改进其设计作出知情的选择。碳定价工具的目的是以成本效益高的方式减少温室气体排放。评估它们的业绩是困难的，因为排放量还受到其他政策和经济条件等外部因素的影响。2008年之前欧洲和不列颠哥伦比亚省征收的碳税减少了一切照旧的排放量，但实际排放量继续上升。自2008年以来，受欧洲碳税约束的排放量有所下降，但在大多数国家，其他减缓政策可能比碳税对减排的贡献更大。除四个没有排放上限的系统外，受排放交易制度管制的排放量已经下降。ETS对减排做出了贡献，但其在总体减排中所占的份额尚不清楚。大多数税率相对于实现气候变化目标所需的水平而言都很低。很少有司法管辖区定期调整税率。所有紧急转移支付系统均已累积盈余免税额，并已采取措施减少这些盈余。最大的排放交易系统现在规定了未来几年每年减少的排放上限。排污权交易制度的允许价格一般低于税率。
Systematic evidence relating to the performance of carbon pricing - carbon taxes and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading systems (ETSs) - is sparse. In 2015, 17 ETSs were operational in 55 jurisdictions while 18 jurisdictions collected a carbon tax. The papers in this special thematic section review the performance of many of these instruments over the 2005-2015 period. The performance of existing carbon taxes and GHG ETSs can help policy makers make informed choices about whether to introduce these instruments and to improve their design. The purpose of carbon pricing instruments is to reduce GHG emissions cost effectively. Assessing their performance is difficult because emissions are also affected by other policies and exogenous factors such as economic conditions. Carbon taxes in Europe prior to 2008 and in British Columbia reduced emissions from business-as-usual but actual emissions continued to rise. Since 2008 emissions subject to European carbon taxes have declined, but in most countries, other mitigation policies have probably contributed more to the reductions than the carbon taxes. Emissions subject to ETSs, with the exception of four systems without emissions caps, have declined. The ETSs contributed to the emissions reductions, but their share of the overall reduction is not known. Most tax rates are low relative to levels thought to be needed to achieve climate change objectives. Few jurisdictions regularly adjust their tax rates. All ETSs have accumulated surplus allowances and implemented measures to reduce these surpluses. The largest ETSs now specify annual reductions in their emissions cap several years into the future. Emissions trading system allowance prices are generally lower than the tax rates.