At women's expense : state power and the politics of fetal rights
At women's expense : state power and the politics of fetal rights
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以妇女为代价：国家权力和胎儿权利政治
DOI：
10.5860/choice.31-2943
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发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Cynthia R. Daniels
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cynthia R. Daniels
孕妇遭遇国家强制性做法的故事几乎总是令人震惊的性别压迫的例子。丹尼尔斯书中的故事也不例外。强迫医疗、工作场所排斥政策和通过脐带贩运毒品的监禁是胎儿保护主义的通常方式，这些方式将孕妇排除在享有平等公民权利的公共生活之外。辛西娅·丹尼尔斯是一位在美国教书的政治学家，她的工作涉及她自己国家的所谓"胎儿权利"案件。这本书的评论开始与重大的社会，医学和法律的发展，改变了胎儿的社会政治地位的讨论。丹尼尔斯的工作说明了如何利用法律来保护胎儿免受孕妇被认为有害的行为的影响，在法律和医学中，胎儿作为一个拥有权利的个体的概念，进一步得到了用于妊娠管理的生物医学成像和采样技术的帮助，这些技术有效地建立了胎儿的个性，丹尼尔斯认为，这些变化从根本上改变了大众文化对胎儿的理解，损害了妇女的自主权。特别是，丹尼尔斯认为，反堕胎运动利用这些技术发展，抓住机会对妇女的生殖权利和自由发动有效的媒体战争。利用胎儿的视觉图像来促进他们的道德议程，该运动的倡导者有效地将胎儿转变为最小，最无辜的公民，迫切需要保护，免受寻求堕胎的孕妇的自私欲望和/或行为方式的伤害胎儿-并延伸到社会-处于危险之中。这些文化叙事并没有将孕妇和胎儿的利益视为一体，而是强化了对胎儿人格的错误认识。丹尼尔斯的书涉及三个重要案例，这些案例解决了当国家代理人开始代表胎儿主张权利时所面临的主要问题：安吉拉·卡德的案例，她被迫接受剖腹产手术，手术后几天内，她和胎儿都死了;约翰逊控制公司的胎儿保护政策要求妇女在被允许在他们的制造厂工作之前接受绝育手术或证明不孕;最后是詹妮弗约翰逊的案件，她被指控通过脐带向她的双胞胎胎儿"输送"可卡因。所有这三个案例都说明了一个"胎儿主导"时代的出现，丹尼尔斯批判性地评估了它们对妇女对公民权和自我主权的自由权利的不同要求的影响。虽然在丹尼尔斯审查的每一个案例中，法院最终都做出了有利于妇女的裁决，但这些案例本身".代表着试图建立妇女生育的界限，并将这些界限纳入法律"（第145页）。在卡德案中，孕妇拒绝接受治疗的权利得到了维护，约翰逊控制公司的工作场所保护主义政策被最高法院一致推翻，詹妮弗约翰逊贩毒的定罪最终被推翻，尽管是在技术上。…
Stories of pregnant women's experiences vis-a-vis coercive state practices are almost always shocking examples of gender oppression. The stories in Daniels' book are no exception. Forced medical treatment, workplace exclusion policies, and imprisonment for drug trafficking via the umbilical cord are the usual ways that claims of fetal protectionism have excluded pregnant women from participating in public life with equal rights of citizenship. Cynthia Daniels is a political scientist teaching in the United States whose work deals with so-called "fetal rights" cases in her own country. The book under review begins with a discussion of significant social, medical and legal developments that have altered the socio-political status of the fetus. Daniels' work illustrates how the use of the law to protect the fetus from behaviour of pregnant women deemed harmful and/or criminal is made all the more effective through appeals to a particular ideology of proper motherhood.The conception of the fetus both in law and medicine as a rights bearing individual is further aided by biomedical imaging and sampling technologies used in the governance of pregnancy which effectively establishes the individuality of a fetus as a free-floating entity separate from the pregnant body, According to Daniels, these changes have radically transformed the popular cultural understanding of the fetus in ways that compromise women's autonomy. In particular, Daniels argues that the anti-abortion movement capitalized on these technological developments, seizing the opportunity to wage an effective media war against women's reproductive rights and freedom. Using visual imagery of a fetus to promote their moral agenda, the movement's advocates effectively transformed the fetus into the tiniest, most innocent citizen in dire need of protection from the selfish desires of pregnant women who seek abortions and/or behave in ways that put the fetus -- and by extension, society -- at risk of harm. Rather than viewing pregnant women's and fetal interests as unitary, these cultural narratives reinforce a false perception of fetal personhood.Daniels' book deals with three important cases that address the main issues at stake when agents of the state begin to assert rights claims on behalf of the fetus: the case of Angela Carder, forced to undergo a cesarean section that killed both her and her fetus within days of the operation; Johnson Controls' fetal protection policy which required that women submit to sterilization procedures or prove infertility before being allowed to work in their manufacturing plant; and finally the case of Jennifer Johnson, charged with "delivering" cocaine to her twin fetuses via the umbilical cord. All three cases are illustrative of the emergence of an era of "fetal dominance," and Daniels critically evaluates them in terms of their impact on women's differential claims to the liberal rights of citizenship and self-sovereignty.While in each case reviewed by Daniels the courts ultimately ruled in women's favour, the cases themselves "...represent an attempt to establish the boundaries within which women reproduce and to encode these boundaries in law" (p. 145). In the Carder case, the rights of pregnant women to refuse medical treatment was upheld, the workplace protectionist policy in Johnson Control was unanimously struck down by the Supreme Court, and the conviction of Jennifer Johnson for drug-trafficking was eventually overturned, albeit on a technicality. …